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ALTERNATIVE TROPICAL ENERGY FEED RESOURCES IN RABBIT DIETS : GROWTH PERFORMANCE, DIET'S DIGESTIBILITY AND BLOOD COMPOSITION
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) ONIFADE, A.A.; TEWE, O.O.
[EN] The grain replacement value in rabbit diets of three tropical alternativa feed resources, namely maize offal (MO), unpeeled cassava root meal (UCRM) and cassava peel meal (CPM) was investigated in a ten week feeding tria! with growing rabbits, in comparison with maize. The introduction ratas were 30.8% of the diets, and the initial age of the 24 rabbits was 5-6 week. The criteria for assessment were growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood composition at the end of the experimental period. Average daily gain and daily feed intake of the rabbits variad from 13.0 g on CPM diet to 14.2 g on MO diet, and 60. 7 g on UCRM diet to 71.4 g on CPM diet respectively. However, both MO and CPM were significantly consumad (P < 0.05) more than the other diets. Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were significantly inferior (P < 0.05) on CPM diet than on others. The dry matter, cruda protein, gross energy, ether extract and cruda fibra digestibilities were numerically highest in the control diet, but statistically comparable for rabbits on UCRM diet; both were however significantly higher (P < 0.05) than records for rabbits fed on MO and CPM basad diets. The analysed blood parameters showed the rabbits fed on the control diet to be superior in haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red and white cells numbers. The mean corpuscular volumes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were highest in the cassava root diet followed by cassava peel basad diet, while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration values were statistically similar in all the diets. Serum total protein variad between 6. 75 g/100 mi in rabbits fed on maize offal to 5.81g/100 mi on cassava roots without any significant difference. A similar pattern was repeated for albumin and globulin fractions. Both creatinine and uric acid concentrations were respectively uniform amongst the rabbits on different treatments. However, a significantly lower (P < 0.05) level of urea-nitrogen was determinad in the serum of rabbits fed on cassava peel diet. Serum glucosa level ranged between 125 mg/100 mi in rabbits fed on the control diet to 192 mg/100 mi for their counterparts on cassava roots diet showing a significantly lower content (P < 0.05) on the control and cassava peel basad dietary treatments. Cholesterol values were statistically higher (P < 0.05) in rabbits on the control and cassava roots diets than on the 2 others which have a higher fiber content.
IMPACT D'UN CENTRE CUNICOLE DE RECHERCHE ET D'INFORMATION SUR LA RECHERCHE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA CUNICULTURE AU BENIN
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Kpodekon, M.; Coudert, P.
[EN] lnvestigation results published in 1988 showed that despite of favourable conditions for a quick development of the rabbit rearing in Republic of Benin, many actions were still needed to be led in this domain for research, formation and information. To satisfy these obligations, CECURI (Rabbit Research and lnformation Center) was created. lts vocation is the increasing of the knowledge about rabbit as animal production species, the way of its breeding and all its pathology, in order to inprove local production and to extend a rational method for rearing this herbivore, by a very larga information. Despite dithering before starting and poor exploitation results, linked to the lake of experience during the first year, CECURI was quickly qualified for the economic and technical management of its demonstration breeding unit. In 1988 the percentage of fertile mating was only 45 % ; it was increase upto 80 % in 1991. During the sama period, the number of youngs per litter at weaning and mortality from weaning to the slaughter age were also improved : 2.8 and 40 % respectively in 1988 and 5.1 and 5 % in 1991. Another way, in spite of short means since the creation, its impacts on research and rabbitries development are fully positiva : obvious increasing of the researchers number, intensification of their activities, introduction of the rabbit breeding programme into agricultura! secondary school and university, retrain and advanced training for technicians and rabbit breeders, spray of results oustanding breeders, increasing of the number of small rabbitries around towns and village countries, creation of a Rabbit Breeders Association in Bénin, sensibilization of the financia! partners, holding on March 1992 an african rabbit congress ... etc. However, for a quicker and lasting development of this section, the activities of such a center must be helped by even regional programme timming.
DESCRIPTIVE MODEL FOR RABBIT GENETIC RESOURCES DATA BANK
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Khalil, M.H.
[EN] A proposed modal of descriptors for rabbit genetic resources data bank entry is presentad. A final recommendation is also presentad to safeguard valuable breeds/strains from danger of extinction. For each breed/strain representad in a country, there will be one master record (for physical characteristics) and several slave records (for performance characteristics). The latter record will depend on the number of publications available. The condensad documentation format reportad here corresponds to the FAO data bank methodology (FAO, 1986) used for swine, although suitable modifications were made to reflect the unique biology of rabbits. The descriptiva modal for any breed/strain must include data on distribution, physical characteristics (e.g. colour, temperament, body parts ... ) and performance characteristics (e.g. reproductiva efflciency, lactational and maternal behaviour, adaptability to environmental conditions, growth rate and survival, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, etc ... ).
ANALYSIS OF A CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENT BETWEEN TWO STRAINS OF ANGORA RABBITS IN TWO ENVIRONMENTS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Wang, K.Z.; Zheng, W.
[EN] In this papar, weighted least square analysis is usad to study the genotype-environment interaction of major economic traits of Angora rabbit for three generations in two environments. The heterosis of the economic traits was analyzed by the estimated parameters and the theory of relativa heritability. The results indicate that there are significant additive effects and interactions between the additive effect and the environment among soma traits of wool producing performances of Angora rabbits, and significant environment effects existed in soma reproductiva traits. The heterosis of the wool yield is mainly due to gene dispersion, and the increase of reproduction performances is dependent on the improvement of environment. The theory of relativa heritability could be usad conveniently for the heterosis analysis, but significance test and the genotypeenvironment interaction could not be conducted or analyzed, which is the shortage of the theory.
CASSAVA AS NEW ANIMAL FEED IN EGYPT 3 - PELLETED COMPLETE CASSAVA FEED FOR GROWING RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Abd El-Baki, S.M.; Nowar, M.S.; Bassuny, S.M.; Hassona, E.; Soliman, E.S.
[EN] Forty New Zealand White rabbits (20 males and 20 females) aged 5 weeks, of 735g in average weight, were divided into two groups on basis of weight and sex. A pelleted complete rabbit feed containing 45 % cassava products (CCF diet) as 30 % root meal + 15 % leaf meal, was formulated to be fed in comparison with a commercial feed (AF diet ; Atmida Cº) during the 15 weeks of experiment, divided in 3 stages of 5 weeks. 1 % urea was added to the CCF diet in arder to increase the N-content. The results indicated that CP digestibility and N-balance of CCF were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in AF diet in the first 5 weeks after weaning (1st stage). But the CP digestibility and N-balance were not significantly different between two Qroups fed CCF and AF diets at 15 weeks after weaning (3rá stage). The CF digestibility was not significantly affected by type of feed and it was improved by advance in age of rabbits fed CCF or AF diets. In contrast N-balance was decreased with advancing of age of two groups of growing rabbits. No significant effect of sex was observed on digestibility or N-balance. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.01) lower with CCF diet than that with AF diet in 1 st and 2nd stages. Daily body gain was significantly (P<0.01) lower with rabbits fed CCF than those fed AF diets in 1 st stage but it was nearly similar between two groups at 2nd and 3rd stages. Feed conversion (feed/gain) was more efficient with rabbits fed AF than those fed CCF diets at 1 st stage but opposite trend was observed in 2nd and 3rd stages of growth. Slaughter and carcass traits showed no significant differences between the two groups fed CCF and AF diets. There were no significant differences in feed intake, feed conversion and daily body gain between male and female rabbits. Conclusively, it could be appear that cassava products (roots and leaves) can be used satisfactorily as the partial substitute for traditional energy and protein supplements to formulating pelleted diet for growing rabbits.
INFLUENCE OF TWO ISO-ENERGETIC DIETS (STARCH vs FAT) ON EXPERIMENTAL COLIBACILLOSIS (EPEC) AND IOTA-ENTEROTOXAEMIA IN EARLY WEANED RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Peeters, J.E.; Orsenigo, R.; Maertens, L.; Gallazzi, D.; Colin, M.
[EN] Rabbíts weaned at 32 days of age were fed one of two isoenergetic (10.6 MJ ADE/kg) and iso-protein (17 %) feeds ad libitum: feed S with 25.8 % starch, 3.2 % fat and 16.2 % acid detergent fibre (ADF) and feed F with 13.1 % starch, 6. 7 % fat and 17.9 % ADF. Both groups were inoculated orally with a toxinogenic Clostridium spiroforme strain NCTC 11493 and/or with a moderately enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain belonging to sero/biotype 0132/2+. The results suggest that colibacillosis favours iota-enterotoxaemia and vice-versa. Also the feed shows a distinct influence. Feed S favoured iota-enterotoxaemia. The effect was most pronounced in rabbits suffering from simultaneous EPEC infection. On the other hand the same feed inhibited saprophytic E. co/i-proliferation. In case of experimental EPEC infection, feed S did not inhibit the huge faecal E. coli output, nor the associated diarrhoea and mortality. Yet, histological lesions were less pronounced in the S-group. Moreover, entero-adherent EPEC were still present in one rabbit out of five in group F 28 days p.i., while they were not detectad in any of the S-rabbits. In case of mixed infection (C. spiroforme + EPEC), mortality was lower in group S (2/10) than in group F (5/10). So, feed F might favour colibacillosis. lt was hypothesised that feeds of this type may contribute to the persistence of healthy carriers of enteropathogenic E. coli.
HARMONIZATION OF CRITERIA AND TERMINOLOGY IN RABBIT MEAT RESEARCH
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Blasco Mateu, Agustín; Ouhayoun, J.; Masoero, G.; Dpto. de Ciencia Animal; Instituto Universitario de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural
[EN] The harmonization of rabbit carcass criteria is a result of an international work. lts task was to specify the main traits to be considerad from the birth of the animal to carcass analysis, to define these traits with enough accuracy and to propose a common terminology. Work on harmonization has been initialized by the Mediterranean Rabbit Group Conference (BLASCO, OUHAYOUN and MASOERO, 1992), completad by several research teams and, finally, discussed during a round table of the Vth World Rabbit Congress (Corvallis, 1992). The proposal described in this work concerns : 1- growth, consumption and breeding measurments, preslaughter handling and slaughter processing, 2- dressing percentage analysis, 3- measurments or prediction of commercial and reference carcass composition. The work represents an official document of the World Rabbit Science Association. A commission has been created to examine the efficiency of the proposed criteria and to modify them according to what the scientific development and the practica! experience or thei use would recommend.
Effect of dietary fibre and fat content on the reproductive performance of rabbit does bred at two remating times during two seasons
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Barreto, G.; De Blas, J.C.; Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología; Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial
[EN] One hundred and forty one rabbit does were used to study the effect of tour diets differing in energy concentration (8.92 to 11.86 MJ DE/kg), fibre and fat content, two parturition-remating intervals (1 or 9 d), and two seasons (hot season and rest of the year) on productiva performance throughout a 18 months period. Addition of a 3.5 % of pork lard to a diet containing 18 % ADF implied an increase of energy digestibility (by 8 %, P<0.05), DE content (by 15 %, P<0.001), feed intake (by 6 %, P<0.1), and DE intake (by 22.5 %, P<0.05). Fat addition did not affect average weight of does, prolificacy, or replacement rate, but improved fertility (by 7%, P<0.1), weaning weight per pyp (by 3%, P<0.1), and numerical proauctivífy per cage and year (by 12 %, P<0.05). An increase of dietary fibre content (from 18.0 to 23.8 % ADF) decreased linearly (P<0.001) energy digestibility, and DE content, but increased (P<0.05) feed intake, so that neither DE intake (2.56 MJ/d as average) or does productivity were significantly affected. lntensification of reproduction system elicited a shorter parturition interval (- 3.2 days, P<0.05), but also a decrease of average does weight (- 0.14 kg, P<0.05), a lower conception rate (P<0.05), and a higher pup mortality, so that numerical productivity per cage and year was not significantly affected by treatment. The increase of temperatura during the hot season decreased feed intake (by 21 %, P<0.001), average weight of does (- 0.15 kg, P<0.05), fertility (- 16 %, P<0.001), numerical productivity (- 23 %, P<0.001), and weaning weight (- 7 %, P<0.01). No significant effects of the interactions diet x remating interval or diet x season were found on any of the variables studied.
THE EFFECT OF INFRA-RED RADIATION ON RECTAL, SKIN AND HAIR-TIP TEMPERATURES OF RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Kasa, I.W.; Thwaites, C.J.
[EN] An experiment was conducted on the effect of infra-red (i.r.) radiation on female NZ>/11 rabbits. A 4x3x6 factorial design was employed in which the factors were : 4 intensities of i.r. radiant heating of O.O, 1.9, 2.1, 2.4 MJ/m2/h ; 3 replicates and 6 rabbits. All animals were watered and fed a standard ration ad libitum. Rectal temperaturas differed (P<0.001) between treatments and were highest at the "high" level of i.r. radiation (1 ºC higher than far controls). At the "medium" and "low" levels of i.r. heating RT's were respectively 0.3º and 0.2ºC higher than in controls. In different i.r. treatments skin temperatura (ST) was significantly different (P<0.001), being highest at the "high" i.r. level, with values of 42.8 ± 0.5ºC. Under the "low" and "medium" levels, corresponding ST values were 37.8 ± 2.1 and 39.5 ± 3.0ºC, respectively. Skin temperatura differed with time of exposure (P<0.001), increased most rapidly (by 5.9ºC) in the first 20 minutes, but only by a further 0.8ºC in the subsequent 40 minutes. Between different level or i.r., hair-tip temperatura (HTT) was significantly different (P<0.001), values being highest under the "high" i.r. treatment. Comparad to controls, exposure to the "low", "medium" and "high" i.r. levels increased HTT by factors of 1.1, 1.3 and 1.6 respectively. Between different times of exposure, HTT also differed significantly (P<0.001) with most of this effect being in the first 20 minutes (a 1.6 fold increase). During the second 20-minutes interval a further significant increase was recordad, but of only 0.6ºC. From the above results it can be concluded that the higher the level of i.r. heating, the more stressed the animals was.
MUSCULAR ENERGY METABOLISM AND RELATED TRAITS IN RABBIT. A REVIEW
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Ouhayoun, J.; Dalle Zotte, Antonella
[EN] After a brief reminder on the main stages of muscular differentiation, the papar gives a short account of sorne of the studies on the biology of muscles we have carried out on the rabbit and comments them in the light of results published in the world literatura. Although subtile biological criteria are used, the aims of these works are highly practica!. The objective is to better understand what determines variations in meat quality in the rabbit. lt is now an evidence that the criteria which account for post mortem evolution of muscle into meat vary widely between muscles. The lasting character of metabolic differentiation explains the sensitivity of muscular traits and relatad technoloQical criteria of meat to biological (somatotropin) or zootechnical (dietary nutrient balance, slaughter age) factors. The between and within bread variability of rate or/and amplitude of muscle differentiation has probably to be taken in account in programmf)s of genetic improvement of growth, in order to preserve meat quality.
RABBIT PRODUCTION IN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Colin, M.
[EN] Despite their old tradition and their 1 O % of the world meat rabbit production, there is few available information concerning rabbit breeding in the East European Countries. This study summarizes the rabbit meat production in this geographic area. In Bulgarla, the rabbit production is traditional and selfconsumption orientad. A slight exportation trend appeared at the end of the 80's. The production of rabbit meat may be evaluated at 4 100 tons/year. In Hungary, the important production is only export-oriented without any tradition of rabbit production and internal-market. Hungary is the second exporting country in the world, just after China. After the creation of huge production units, Hungary organizad the rational rural farms production. The political and economic changas of the last 3 years allowed the establishment of sorne private middle size farms. The production may be evaluated at 20 000 tons/years including 18 400 tons/years for exportation and 1 000 to 2 000 tons/year for self-consumption. In Poland, the rabbit production began on the x1th century and strongly increased after the second world war. The two components of the polish rabbit production are : the rural (90 o/o of the production) and the rational rabbit production (limitad but increasing). The rabblt meat production is both for self-consumption and exportation. The whole polish production may be evaluated at 25 000 tons/year including 20 000 tons/year for rural production and 5 000 tons/year for rational production. In Romanla, a very ambitious development program for rabbit meat production was launched in 1978, creating very big industrial farms mainly export-oriented. Romania became an exporting rabbit meat country. The political changes at the end of 1989 strongly modified the structures of the rabbit production and reorientad it towards the internal-market. The romanian production may be evaluated at 16 000 tons/year. In Czechoslovakla, the rabbit production is also very old and have 3 components the hobbyist production (7 000/8 000 tons/year of rabblt meat), the traditional which is the more important and the rational, still limitad but fastexpanding because of the last polltical changas. The production is mainly self-consumption orientad. The czechoslovakian production may be evaluated at 30 000 tons/year including 27 000 tons for the rural production and 3 000 tons/year for the rational production. On the whole, a strong exporting calling distinguishes the East European Countries which share with China the monopoly of the exportations to the E.E.e .. Otherwise, the east european rabbit production has suffer and is suffering important changas : first, the traditional, self-consumption orientad rabbit production was changad in rational production by the creation of state farms and coops; presently, middlesize production units (100 to 300 does) wlth commercial calling are developping in the same conditions as they were in West Europa during the 70's.
EFFECT OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE YOUNG MEAT RABBIT
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Chiericato, G.M.; Rizzi, C.; Rostellato, V.; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italia
[EN] 31, 35 and 36 male New Zealand White (NZW), or commercial hybrids Hyla (H) and Provisal (P) rabbits were studied respectively, and rearad until they were 85 days old. The test provided for two experiments: the first was carried out in winter (December - January) at an average temperatura of 11 ºC and a relativa humidity level approximately of 66 % , and the second in summer (July - August) ata temperatura of 27ºC and humidity level of 74 %. During the two trials the animals were fed "ad libitum" with a commercial pelleted feed. At the end of the study, 10 animals from each genetic group and for each season were slaughtered and jointed. As regards the effect of the genotype on growth performance, daily weight gain (32.8 g), intake (126.5 g/d) and fead efficiency (3.85 g/g) appeared similar for the three breeds considerad. As regards seasonal effects, the high summer temperaturas led to a significant reduction (P<.01) in daily live weight gain (29.5 vs 36.1 g/d), daily intake (102.6 vs 152.3 g/d) and feed efficiency (3.48 vs 4.22 g/g). Going on to consider the slaughtering data according to the genotypes, significant differences were observad with regard to the head and neck which appeared heavier in the purebred rabbits (11.16 vs 10.86 %, P<.05) than in the H whereas the P were intermediate (10.98 %). The commercial crossbreds provided significantly higher percentages (P<.01) with regard to the distal hind legs (2.47 vs 2.13 %) and empty stomach and guts (5.40 vs 5.24 %) comparad to the purebred rabbits. As regards the seasons, breeding in summer led to a tower inciclence on empty body weight of heart (0.39 vs 0.49 %, P<.01 ), liver (3.90 vs 4.24 %, P<.05), kidneys (0.59 vs 0.79 %, P<.01) and empty stomach and guts (5.18 vs 5.51 %, P<.01) and a higher warm carcass (65.64 vs 64.82 %, P<.05). Examinatlon of the carcass jointing data indicated a smaller head and neck for the H · rabbits comparad to the NZW (13.14 vs 13.98 %, P<.01) with the P falling in the middle of the ranga (13.55 %). The percenta~e values for rumps, natas and thighs were lower (P<.05) in the purebreds than in the hybrids (33.06 vs 33.79 %). No significant differences were recordad between genotypes, but for the animals rearad in summer there was a significantly lower amount (P<.01) of perirenal fat (1.62 vs 2.63 %), perivisceral fat (2.46 vs 3.54 %) and scapular fat (0.68 vs 0.92 %).
DIVERSITY OF REPEATABILITY BETWEEN PARITIES FOR LITTER TRAITS AND REPRODUCTIVE INTERVALS IN DOE RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Khalil, M.H.
[EN] An experiment was carried out to determine the genetic variation in litter traits and reproductiva intervals between different parities in New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (CAL) rabbits. Data on 581 litters produced by 163 does mated to 43 bucks of NZW and CAL rabbits were involved. A linear mixed model included the effects of service buck and does within service buck (as random effects) and year-season and parity (as fixed effects) was used for analysing such data. NZW breed had higher litter size, weight and gain along with a lower number of stillbirths and preweaning litter mortality relativa to CAL breed. Reproductiva intervals and number of services per conception of NZW rabbits were relatively lower than in CAL rabbits. Periods of reproductiva intervals were short in both breeds (42-43 days from a kindling to another) and they are one of the encouraging factors for the effective use of these two standard breeds on a large scale of commercial production in Egypt. Phenotypic variation in all litter traits and reproductiva intervals for both breeds was high. Year-season affected significantly most reproductiva intervals and litter traits studied. Litters kindled in spring generally had the smallest litter size and lightest litter weight and gain along with the shortest reproductiva intervals comparad to litters kindled in autumn and winter seasons. Reproductiva intervals in both breeds had a quadratic relationship with parity. Service buck had little or no effect on litter traits and reproductiva intervals. Percentage of variation attributed to the service-buck effect were generally higher in NZW breed than in CAL, while the reverse was observad for doe effect. Repeatabilities across all parities of most litter traits and reproductiva intervals in both breeds were low and ranged from O.O to 0.21 . Repeatabilities for all traits in NZW were similar to those in CAL. For both breeds, repeatabilities of doe traits for first and second parities were generally slightly higher than for second and third parities.
EMBRYO RECOVERY UNDER ANAESTHESIA AFTER hCG OR GnRH TREATMENTS IN THE RABBIT AND SURVIVAL WHEN A REDUCED NUMBER OF EMBRYOS IS TRANSFERRED
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) LOPEZ, Marina; FORCADA, F.; RODRIGUEZ, J.A.; MARTIN, Maria; ZARAGAZA, L.; Universidad de Zaragoza
[EN] Ovulation rate and number of 72h post-mating recovered embryos were studied in nulliparous Spanish Giant does treated with an intravenous injection of 25 IU hCG (n=22) or 20 μg GnRH (n=20) intramuscularly after coitus. Embryos were recovered under anaesthesia by separata perfusion of the oviducts and uteri. One of the GnRH-treated does did not ovulate. No significant differences between groups were found either in the ovulation rate or in the number on recovered embryos per donor doe (8.5 ± 0.2 and 7.3 ± 0.2 vs 8.6 ± 0.4 and 6.8 ± 0.9 respectively for hCG and GnRH treated animals). After transfer into the uteri of synchronized Solaf commercial hybrid recipients, the lower number of embryos transferred per doe (5.9 vs 11.2) did not affect to the percentage of pregnant does (67 vs 75 o/o respectively), but increased the percentage of young born per pregnant doe (59 vs 41 o/o respectively) (P<0.05). Plasma progesterone levels in the recipients were higher in pregnant does (at least P<0.05) from Day 9 post-mating to the last blood sample recovered (Day 21), although the progesterone pattern in the non-pregnant ones indicated that the induction of ovulation was effective. The results indicate the adequate embryo recovery rates obtained from Spanish Giant does under anaesthesia and the good efficiency after transfer of a reduced number of embryos per recipient doe.
REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSE OF PREPUBERTAL FEMALE RABBIT TO PHOTOPERIOD AND/OR MALE PRESENCE
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Berepubo, N.A.; Nodu, M.B.; Monsi, A.; Amadi, E.N.
[EN] A study was undertaken to determine, in tropical breeding conditions, the effect of mate presence and/or photoperiod on age at puberty attainment, oestrous behaviour and breeding performance in prepubertal female rabbits. The study involved 3 treatment groups of seven does each, designated as A, B and C. Group A, rabbits were exposed to both extended light (+ 6 hours) and male presence. Group B, does were subjected to extended light only, whereas those in group C were treated to male presence only. Group D rabbits which were not subjected to any of the two treatment factors (photoperiod and male presence) servad as the control group. The data obtained indicated that the does subjected to either one or both treatment factors attained puberty earlier (142.4 ± 2.0 days) than the control group (167.1 ± 5.0 days). Weight at puberty was also significantly (P<0.05) lighter (1.34 ± 0.04 kg) in the does exposed to male presence and/or photoperiod than the control group (1.50 ± 0.06 kg). Oestrous behaviour in terms of mean frequency and "intensity" of oestrus as well as length of the cycle were significantly (P<0.05) improved in the treatment groups than the control. The duration of oestrus (heat) was however shorter among the treatment groups. With respect to breeding performance, kindling rate was much higher among the treatment does (66.03 ± 2.8 %) than the control (50.00 ± 3.1 %). However, differences in gestation length, litter size and litter weight were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Pseudopregnancy in proportion of non fertile matings was significantly (P<0.05) higher among the treatment groups ( 50. 1 ± 2.3 % ) than the control ( 33.33 ± 3.5 % ). lt was concluded that the exposure of young female rabbits to male presence and/or photoperiod may serve as a useful and relatively inexpensive management tool in improving rabbit production in the tropics since the technique has the potential to induce early puberty, amplify behaviour eostrus and improve kindling ratas.
UTILISATION OF DRIED PALMOIL MILL EFFLUENT BY YOUNG GROWING RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Abu, O.A.; Ekpenyong, T.E.
[EN] Thirty-six 5-6 weeks old, local mixed crossbred rabbits (526.7 ± 0.2 g) were allocated to four treatments according to their initial weight. They were caged individually and received ad libitum during 7 weeks, one of the 4 diets in which maize offal was replaced by O, 2, 5 or 1 O % dried palm oil mill effluent (Pome), respectively diets 1 to 4. The diets were fed as mash. The mean voluntary feed intake were not significantly different as the level of palm oil mill effluent in the diet increased. Rabbits fed no palm oil mill effluent (control) showed daily weight gains that were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those fed supplementary Pome. The average final body weight recordad were 963, 1128, 1126 and 1308 g for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. As proportions of the live weight, there were no significant differences for warm carcass, head, liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, adrenals, brain and skin. However rabbits fed diets 1 and 4 recordad heavier testes. Mortality recordad were 1 /9, 2/9, 0/9 and 1 /9 rabbits for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. From the results obtained, up to 10 % maize offal can be replaced with palm oil mill effluent in the diets of young growing rabbits certainly without adversa effect on performance and a significant weight gain increase may be observad.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS, WOOL YIELD AND BODY MEASUREMENTS IN THE YOUNG ANGORA RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Wang, K.; Zheng, W.
[EN] This paper deals with the relationship among wool production, growth and development, hemoglobin (Hb) content and the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) in angora rabbit. The experiment was conducted in the University Rabbit Farm from April 1991 to April 1992. 95 rabbits (29 German Angora, 36 Chinase Angora and 30 F1 rabbits of the German (males) x Chinase (females) were raised under the same conditions. In each type, the blood of 3 to 6 rabbits, 20, 45, 90 and 180 days old, was taken for the measuring of biochemical traits. The results show that body weight, body measurement and wool production increase as the rabbit's age increases. ALP activity first increases and decreases afterwards, as the rabbit grows older. ACP activity changas in the same pattern as ALP, in German Angora and Chinase Angora. But in the crossbreds of German x Chinase Angora, ACP activity increases continuously. The least square analysis indicates that wool yields of German Angora at 90 and 180 days are significantly higher than those of Chinase Angora (P<0.05). Hb contents of the German at 45 and 90 days are significantly higher than those of Chinase, and the latter is significantly higher than the F1 rabbits (P<0.05). At 45 days, Chinase Angora has the highest ALP activity, F1 the second and German the lowest, and the differences among them are significant (P<0.05). At 45 days, ACP activity of German Angora is significantly higher than that of Chinase Angora, and the latter higher than that of F1 rabbits (P<0.05). But at 90 days and 180 days, ACP activity of F1 is significantly higher than that of German and Chinase Angora, and the German is still higher than the Chinase (P<0.05). Using body weight, body length, chest girth and wool yield as one variate group and Hb content, GPT, ALP, and ACP activity as another group, the canonical correlation coefficients of the first three pairs of variates have been calculated, which are 0.8295, 0.7395 and 0.5835 respectively (P<0.05 or 0.01). lts correlation information ratio is 87.34 %. The principal factors which affect the first pair of canonical correlation variates are body length (a2 = 1.3783), wool yield (a4 = -1.0584), GPT activity (b2 = 0.6145) and ACP activity (b4 = 0.5441). Using body weight, body length and chest girth as one variate group an Hb content, GPT, ALP and ACP activity as another group, the canonical correlation coefficients of the first three variate pairs have been obtained, which are 0.9478, 0.5632 and 0.4170 respectively (P<0.05 or 0.01). lts correlation information ratio is 100 %. The principal factors affecting the correlation of the first variate pair are body weight (a1 = 0.7631), chest girth (a3 = -0.6472) and Hb content (b1 = 0.7807).
RECHERCHES SUR L'INTERACTION ENTRE ALIMENTATION, REPRODUCTION ET LACTATION CHEZ LA LAPINE, UNE REVUE
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Parigi-Bini, R.; Xiccatto, G.
[EN] The rabbit doe, at the beginning of its reproductiva activity (first pregnancy first lactation or first" concurrent pregnancy and lactation), hás a negativa energy and material balance. The net body composition at the first parturition changes definitely during lactation, with an important loss of lipids (about - 40 %) and energy (- 20 %). lf the rabbit doe is concurrently pregnant, the energy deficit becomes greater and the nitrogen and mineral balances become negativa as well. Consequently the second kindling litter size is lower, (- 10 % of total youngs born and - 20 % of rabbits born alive). Moreover, the composition of new born pups shows a lower lipid content which can influences negatively their viability. The energy and nitrogen requirements for maintenance, and the coefficients of utilization of digestible energy (DE) and digestible proteins (DP) for milk energy and protein production are given. In the case of a negativa balance, the coefficients of utilization of body energy and protein for milk production are also reportad. The author's research had also the object of studying the effect of the diet on the reproductiva performance of does. In particular, the increase of energy intake due to diets supplemented with fat causes an increase of milk production, which is favourable for the litter but does not reduce the maternal energy deficit. In addition, the number of pups born alive at the second parturition is negatively affected. A single "feeding strategy" is not able to solve the problem of nutritiva deficit or avoid the unwanted effects of the concurrent pregnancy and lactation. Therefore we have to operate at breeding level, programming a less intensiva remating system, reducing the number of suckling youngs and preparing the future reproducing does from their weaning.
NUTRITIONAL EFFECT OF MULBERRY ("MORUS ALBA") LEAVES AS SOLE RATION OF ADULT RABBITS
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Deshmukh, S.V.; Pathak, N.N.; Takalikar, D.A.; Digraskar, S.U.
[EN] Nutritiva value of mulberry leaves as a sole ration for adult rabbits was determinad by feeding mulberry leaves to 1 O New Zealand White rabbits ( 1540 ± 62g, 35 weeks old). In DM mulberry leaves had CP 22.13, EE 3.90, CF 5.90, Ash 13.35, NFE 54. 72, NDF 36.35, ADF 31.52, Ca 3.30 and P 1.43 %. Except EE, all nutrients had fairly good digestible coefficients. The DM intake was 68.52g/day, 5.30g/1 OOg body weight and 59.1 g/kg wo. 75. Average daily intake of digestible crude protein (DCP) (11.2 g) and of digestible energy (175 kcal) was adequate for maintenance of body weights of rabbits. In each 100g DM, mulberry leaves had 16.38 ± 0.45g DCP for rabbits. Calculated DE/kg DM was found to be 2580 kcal. The results suggested that the mulbery leaves can be used as single feed for adult rabbits and may help in economic rabbit production.
EFFECT DE LA SUBSTITUTION TOTALE OU PARTIELLE DU TOURTEAU DE SOJA PAR VICIA BENGHALENSIS SUR LA DIGESTIBILITÉ, LA CÆCOTROPHIE ET LE BILAN AZOTÉ CHEZ LE LAPIN ADULTE
(World Rabbit Science. ICTA. UPV, 1993) Cunha, Luisa F.; Freire, J.P.B.
[EN] An experiment on the effect of introduction of Vicia benghalensis in rabbit diets, on the digestibility and nitrogen metabolism, was carried out on 24 New-Zealand does allocated to 3 treatments of 8.The diet 1 is essentially composed of soya meal as nitrogen source. In the diet 2 and 3, Vicia benghalensis is used in place of soya at 20 % and 40 % of the whole diet respectively. The apparent nitrogen digestibility decreased of 2 to 5 points for the diets 2 and 3 respectively (P<0,01). The daily excretion of nitrogen in faeces increased by 30 % and 40 % in faeces and cecotrophes respectively with the 40 % Vicia benghalensis diet.

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