Grupo de Sistemas Electrónicos Industriales
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An adaptive synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop for power quality improvement in a polluted utility grid
The proper operation of grid-connected power electronics converters needs using a synchronization technique to estimate the phase of the grid voltage. The performance of this synchronization technique is related to the quality of the consumed or delivered electric power. The synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) has been widely used due to its ease of operation and robust behavior. However, the estimated phase can have a considerable amount of unwanted ripple if the grid voltage disturbances are not properly rejected. The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive SRF-PLL which strongly rejects these disturbances even if the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage varies. This is accomplished by using several adaptive infinite-impulse-response notch filters, implemented by means of an inherently stable Schur-lattice structure. This structure is perfectly suited to be programmed in fixed-point DSPs (i.e., it has high mapping precision, low roundoff accumulation, and suppression of quantization limit cycle oscillations). The proposed adaptive SRF-PLL has been tested by means of the TI TMS320F2812 DSP. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed synchronization method highly rejects the undesired harmonics even if the fundamental harmonic frequency of a highly polluted grid voltage abruptly varies. © 2011 IEEE.
Measurement of the Loop Gain Frequency Response of Digitally Controlled Power Converters
[EN] The study of the loop gain frequency response in a power converter is a powerful tool commonly used for the design of the controllers used in the control stage. As the control of medium- and high-power electronic converters is usually performed digitally, it is useful to find a method to measure the digital loop gains. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for properly measuring the loop gain frequency response of digitally controlled power converters by means of an analog frequency response analyzer (FRA). An analog sinusoidal reference signal generated by the FRA is injected through an analog-to-digital converter into the digital controller, and added to the discrete feedback signal. To obtain the frequency response of the open-loop gain, both feedback and disturbed feedback signals are sent back to the FRA by using the pulsewidth modulation peripherals of the controller.
An Adaptive Digital Control Technique for Improved Performance of Grid Connected Inverters
Grid connected voltage source inverters may be controlled in the stationary reference frame by means of the infinite impulse response (IIR) P+Resonat regulator. This regulator is able to correctly track fixed frequency sinusoidal references, but does not perform well if the frequency of the electric grid voltage is varied. In order to avoid the lack of precision to track variable frequency sinusoidal references, an adaptive IIR filter structure is proposed which offers good tracking properties even if the frequency of the grid voltage varies. This filter adapts its coefficients in real time and is inherently stable no matter the adaptation process, thus overcoming one of the most important drawbacks of the IIR filter structure. Furthermore, this structure is perfectly suited to be programmed in fixed point digital signal processors (DSPs) because of some important numeric properties, i.e., it has a high mapping precision and a low round-off accumulation, and it avoids quantization limit cycle oscillations. The proposed adaptive controller has been tested by means of the TI TMS320F2812 DSP. The obtained experimental results show up that this controller allows the correct tracking of a sinusoidal reference, even if this reference is time variant.
An Adaptive Control System for Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverters Working in a Polluted andVariable Frequency Electric Grid
Theproportional+resonant (PR) controller has been proposed in the past as a suitable method to control the current generated by the grid-connected photovoltaic voltage source inverters. Due to the fact that information regarding the frequency of the grid is needed to use this control technique, the synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is commonly used. To assure that the total harmonic distortion of the injected current (THDi) meets the appropriate standards, even if the grid voltage is polluted and its frequency varies, an adaptive control strategy is presented in this paper. This control strategy can improve the behavior of both, the conventional SRF-PLL and the conventional PR controller, when they are used in a polluted grid with a time varying frequency. The experimental results obtained by means of a digitally controlled 10-kVA inverter, show up that the THDi of the injected current is improved when the proposed adaptive control strategy replaces the conventional one.
Transformerless topologies for grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic inverters
[EN] In order to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of a photovoltaic system, the use of transformerless photovoltaic inverters is an alternative of increasing interest. However, this topology needs to be studied in detail, as it presents some problems related to the galvanic connection between the grid and the photovoltaic generator (e.g. efficiency degradation and safety problems). In this paper, a review of grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic inverters based on transformerless topologies has been carried out. On the one hand, some alternatives based on classical topologies have been presented. On the other hand, alternatives based on multi-level inverter topologies have been studied, showing up that no leakage current is generated in comparison to classical topologies. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Sensitivity Study of the Dynamics of Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverters With an LCL Grid Filter
[EN] An accurate small-signal model of three-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverters with a high-order grid filter is derived in this paper. The proposed model takes into account the influence of both the inverter operating point and the PV panel characteristics on the inverter dynamic response. A sensitivity study of the control loops to variations of the dc voltage, PV panel transconductance, supplied power, and grid inductance is performed using the proposed small-signal model. Analytical and experimental results carried out on a 100-kW PV inverter are presented.
Modelado y Control de Rectificadores Activos Trifásicos con Capacidad de Regeneración de Energía
En la presente tesis de máster se aborda el modelado y control de rectificadores activos trifásicos con con alto factor de potencia y capacidad de regeneración de energía. Partiendo del modelo de conmutación del convertidor, se obtiene finalmente un modelo en pequeña señal que permite aplicar estrategias de control lineal en un convertirdor de 10kW.
Robust model-following control of parallel UPS single-phase inverters
This paper presents a robust control technique applied to modular uninterruptible power-supply (UPS) inverters operating in parallel. When compared to conventional proportional-integral (PI) control, the proposed technique improves the response of the output voltage to load steps and to high distorted output currents, reducing the distortion of the output voltage. Furthermore, an excellent distribution of currents between modules is achieved, resulting in fine power equalization between the inverters on stream. The crossover frequency of the different loop gains involved is moderate, so that robustness to variations of the operation point and to modeling uncertainties is achieved. A comparative study with a two-loop conventional PI control scheme is presented. Experimental results on a 1-kVA modular online UPS system confirm the viability of the proposed scheme.
Técnicas de filtrado adaptativo aplicadas al rechazo selectivo de perturbaciones en inversores fotovoltaicos trifásicos
La conexión de paneles solares fotovoltaicos a la red eléctrica puede llevarse a cabo mediante el empleo de inversores de potencia tipo VSI (Voltage Source Inverter). Los inversores pueden ser controlados en un marco de referencia estacionario (StRF, Stationary Reference Frame) mediante reguladores resonantes (PR) sintonizados tanto a la frecuencia de la red como a determinados armónicos habituales de la misma, de manera que permitan obtener un factor de potencia próximo a la unidad con una tasa de distorsión armónica (THD) en corriente dentro de los límites establecidos en las normativas de conexión a red. Para ello, es habitual estimar la fase de la red eléctrica mediante el empleo de un PLL en un marco de referencia síncrono (SRF-PLL, Synchronous Reference Frame-Phase Locked Loop). En la presente tesis se ha realizado un estudio sobre el efecto que las perturbaciones en la red eléctrica trifásica tienen sobre el SRF-PLL y los reguladores PR, y su repercusión en el deterioro del factor de potencia y en el THD en corriente del inversor, demostrando que dicho deterioro no permite, en determinados supuestos, cumplir las normativas anteriormente citadas, sobre todo si existe variación en la frecuencia de la red eléctrica de acuerdo a la tolerancia definida en distintas normativas, o bien cuando el inversor se encuentra conectado a redes de generación distribuida en situación de isla. Teniendo en cuenta que las perturbaciones más habituales son desequilibrio y distorsión armónica, para mejorar el rechazo de las mismas pueden emplearse diversas técnicas de filtrado convencional para el diseño de los reguladores PR y del SRF-PLL. No obstante, dichas técnicas se muestran poco eficientes cuando existe variación en la frecuencia de la red eléctrica. En la presente tesis se ha propuesto el empleo de técnicas de filtrado adaptativo, capaces de adaptar sus coeficientes de manera automática en función de la variación de la frecuencia de la red eléctrica.
Diseño y construcción de un sistema de amplificación clase D con dos canales (2x400 w) para señales de audio
Consulta en la Biblioteca ETSI Industriales (4902)