Martínez Fuentes, Amparo
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Martínez Fuentes
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- PublicationGibberellic acid and flower bud development in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)(Elsevier, 2011) Reig Valor, Carmina; Farina, Vitorio; Volpe, Giorgio; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Barone, Francesca; Calabrese, Francesco; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio NaturalThe application of gibberellic acid (GA 3) to the whole loquat tree from mid-May to early June and from early August to the onset of flowering, significantly reduced the number of premature flowering shoots per current shoot and per m 3 of canopy, and so reduced the total number of panicles per m 3 of canopy. The number of vegetative shoots per m 3 of canopy was also significantly reduced by applying GA 3. The response depended on the concentration applied and produced optimal results at 50mgl -1. Differences in the number of flowers per panicle and leaves per shoot were not significantly modified by the treatment. Nevertheless, GA 3 applied directly to the developing apex near to flower differentiation reduced the number of flowers per panicle by 25-35% and without modifying the morphological characteristics of the panicle. Results suggest that less sprouting of lateral buds was largely responsible for the reduction in flowering intensity caused by GA 3. Best treatments reduced thinning costs (60%, approximately) of premature flowering shoots, slightly increased fruit diameter and significantly improved fruit colour and juice quality, thus advancing harvest date. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
- PublicationMechanical pruning attenuates alternate bearing in 'Nadorcott' mandarin(Elsevier, 2020-02-05) Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Reig Valor, Carmina; Balasch Parisi, Sebastià; Primo-Millo, Eduardo; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Dpto. de Estadística e Investigación Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Centro de Investigación en Acuicultura y Medio Ambiente; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad[EN] In Citrus, certain species and/or cultivars are prone to alternate bearing, i.e., a year of heavy crop (ON year) is followed by one of low flowering and light crop (OFF year), and vice-versa. To counteract the fruit effect, we propose a guided mechanical pruning initiated in the spring of an ON year and carried out annually. Our hypothesis is that this gives rise to abundant shoots with well-developed leaves that reach the floral bud inductive period ready to receive the inductive signal and, thus, to induce the bud to bloom the following spring. The experiment was carried out during four consecutive years (2013¿16) using a commercial plantation of `Nadorcott¿ mandarin in southwest Spain. Trees were mechanically pruned: hedging (H) or topping by completely removing the upper shoots of the canopy (T) or by cutting ¿ of their length (T¿). Unpruned trees were used as controls. The experiment began in the spring of an ON-year. T and T¿ carried out in the spring restart the meristem and give rise new shoots that develop in summer and autumn. At the inductive period, the leaves on these new shoots showed a CiFT2 gene expression 4- and 3.7-fold higher than their respective old leaves. In the case of the T¿ their buds avoided the inhibitory effect of the fruit and bloomed the following spring even with the fruit in the cut-back shoot. For the two periods of ON-OFF years of our experiment, cumulative yield of the T treated trees barely increased, whereas T¿ significantly increased with respect to the unpruned trees. We conclude that cutting flowering shoots annually in half-length by means of mechanical pruning (T¿), attenuates alternate bearing behaviour in 'Nadorcott' mandarin. In this experiment, cumulative yield increased by 25% with regard to unpruned trees during the four years of the trial.
- PublicationFruit-dependent epigenetic regulation of flowering in Citrus(Blackwell Publishing, 2020-01) Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Muñoz-Fambuena, Natalia; Vera Sirera, Francisco José; de Lucas, Miguel; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Reig Valor, Carmina; Iglesias, Domingo J.; Primo-Millo, Eduardo; Blazquez Rodriguez, Miguel Angel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas; Dpto. de Biotecnología; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación[EN] In many perennial plants, seasonal flowering is primarily controlled by environmental conditions, but in certain polycarpic plants, environmental signals are locally gated by the presence of developing fruits initiated in the previous season through an unknown mechanism. Polycarpy is defined as the ability of plants to undergo several rounds of reproduction during their lifetime, alternating vegetative and reproductive meristems in the same individual. To understand how fruits regulate flowering in polycarpic plants, we focused on alternate bearing in Citrus trees that had been experimentally established as fully flowering or nonflowering. We found that the presence of the fruit causes epigenetic changes correlating with the induction of the CcMADS19 floral repressor, which prevents the activation of the floral promoter CiFT2 even in the presence of the floral inductive signals. By contrast, newly emerging shoots display an opposite epigenetic scenario associated with CcMADS19 repression, thereby allowing the activation of CiFT2 the following cold season.
- PublicationFruit load restricts the flowering promotion effect of paclobutrazol in alternate bearing Citrus spp(Elsevier, 2013-02-28) Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Muñoz Fambuena, Natalia; Reig Valor, Carmina; Gonzalez Más, Mª Carmen; Iglesias, D. J.; Primo Millo, Eduardo; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónThe floral bud inductive period, PBZ promotes flowering in Citrus; however, our results indicate that this effect is fruit-load dependant. In 'Salustiana' and 'Navelina' sweet oranges, 'Hernandina' Clementine mandarin, and 'Afourer' and 'Moncada' hybrids, flowering intensity significantly increased the following spring for medium-to-low fruit-load trees treated with either 1-10g PBZ tree(-1) applied to the soil or 15 g tree(-1) sprayed on the canopy. PBZ significantly increased the percentage of sprouted buds and leafless floral shoots (both single-flowered shoots and inflorescences) and reduced the number of vegetative shoots. By contrast, heavy fruit load trees receiving the same amount of PBZ in the same season or at floral bud differentiation period scarcely flowered. Fruit nullified the effect of PBZ irrespective to treatment date (inductive period or bud burst) as well as the dose applied (1, 10 or 15 g tree(-1)) or the treatment method (soil application or canopy spraying). In conclusion, the effectiveness of PBZ in promoting flowering in Citrus depends on the fruit load since the tree showed a cultivar-dependant threshold value above which PBZ is unable to promote flowering. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- PublicationGenetic inhibition of flowering differs between juvenile and adult Citrus trees(Oxford University Press, 2019-02-15) Muñoz Fambuena, Natalia; Nicolas-Almansa, M.; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Reig Valor, Carmina; Iglesias, D. J.; Primo-Millo, Eduardo; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria[EN] Background and Aims In woody species, the juvenile period maintains the axillary meristems in a vegetative stage, unable to flower, for several years. However, in adult trees, some 1-year-old meristems flower whereas others remain vegetative to ensure a polycarpic growth habit. Both types of trees, therefore, have non-flowering meristems, and we hypothesize that the molecular mechanism regulating flower inhibition in juvenile trees is different from that in adult trees. Methods In adult Citrus trees, the main endogenous factor inhibiting flower induction is the growing fruit. Thus, we studied the expression of the main flowering time, identity and patterning genes of trees with heavy fruit load (not-flowering adult trees) compared to that of 6-month-old trees (not-flowering juvenile trees). Adult trees without fruits (flowering trees) were used as a control. Second, we studied the expression of the same genes in the meristems of 6-month, and 1-, 3-, 5-and 7-year-old juvenile trees compared to 10-year-old flowering trees. Key Results The axillary meristems of juvenile trees are unable to transcribe flowering time and patterning genes during the period of induction, although they are able to transcribe the FLOWERING LOCUS T citrus orthologue (CiFT2) in leaves. By contrast, meristems of not-flowering adult trees are able to transcribe the flowering network genes but fail to achieve the transcription threshold required to flower, due to CiFT2 repression by the fruit. Juvenile meristems progressively achieve gene expression, with age-dependent differences from 6 months to 7 years, FD-like and CsLFY being the last genes to be expressed. Conclusions During the juvenile period the mechanism inhibiting flowering is determined in the immature bud, so that it progressively acquires flowering ability at the gene expression level of the flowering time programme, whereas in the adult tree it is determined in the leaf, where repression of CiFT2 gene expression occurs.
- PublicationBud sprouting and floral induction and expression of FT in loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.](Springer-Verlag, 2017) Reig Valor, Carmina; Gil-Muñoz, Francisco; Vera Sirera, Francisco José; Garcia-Lorca, Ana; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Perez Amador, Miguel Angel; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas; Dpto. de Biotecnología; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad[EN] EjFT1 and EjFT2 genes were isolated and sequenced from leaves of loquat. EjFT1 is involved in bud sprouting and leaf development, and EjFT2 in floral bud induction. Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an evergreen species belonging to the family Rosaceae, such as apple and pear, whose reproductive development, in contrast with these species, is a continuous process that is not interrupted by winter dormancy. Thus, the study of the mechanism of flowering in loquat has the potential to uncover the environmental and genetic networks that trigger flowering more accurately, contributing for a better understanding of the Rosaceae floral process. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling flowering, extensive defoliation and defruiting assays, together with molecular studies of the key FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, were carried out. FT exhibited two peaks of expression in leaves, the first one in early to mid-May, the second one in mid-June. Two FT genes, EjFT1 and EjFT2, were isolated and sequenced and studied their expression. Expression of EjFT1 and EjFT2 peaks in mid-May, at bud sprouting. EjFT2 expression peaks again in mid-June, coinciding with the floral bud inductive period. Thus, when all leaves of the tree were continuously removed from early to late May vegetative apex differentiated into panicle, but when defoliation was performed from early to late June apex did not differentiate. On the other hand, fruit removal advanced EjFT1 expression in old leaves and the sooner the fruit detached, the sooner the bud sprouted. Accordingly, results strongly suggest that EjFT1 might be related to bud sprouting and leaf development, while EjFT2 might be involved in floral bud induction. An integrative model for FT functions in loquat is discussed.
- PublicationPhenological growth stages of mango (Mangifera indica L.) according to the BBCH scale(Elsevier, 2011) Hernandez Delgado, Pedro Modesto; Aranguren, Miguel; Reig Valor, Carmina; Fernandez Galvan, D.; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Galán Saúco, Víctor; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] Codes and detailed crop-specific descriptions are presented for the growth stages of the mango tree, contributing to the standardization of international testing systems in fruit growing. Based on the general BBCH-scale, the one for mango uses 7 of the 10 principal stages (0-9), thus growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity are described. Secondary stages (also from 0 to 9) are numbered related to ordinal or percentage values of growth. The scale also uses mesostages, between the principal and secondary stages, to distinguish the different vegetative flushes and the principal terminal inflorescence emergence from the later axillary one, subsequent to terminal flowering failure. A feature of the system is that homologous stages of different crops are presented by the same codes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
- PublicationReversion of fruit-dependent inhibition of flowering in Citrus requires sprouting of buds with epigenetically silenced CcMADS19(Blackwell Publishing, 2022-01) Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Marzal Blay, Andrés; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Reig Valor, Carmina; de Lucas, Miguel; Iglesias, Domingo J.; Primo-Millo, Eduardo; Blazquez Rodriguez, Miguel Angel; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Generalitat Valenciana; AGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACION[EN] In Citrus, the response to environmental floral inductive signals is inhibited by the presence of developing fruits. The mechanism involves epigenetic activation of the CcMADS19 locus (FLC orthologue), encoding a floral repressor. To understand how this epigenetic regulation is reverted to allow flowering in the following season, we have forced precocious sprouting of axillary buds in fruit-bearing shoots, and examined the competence to floral inductive signals of old and new leaves derived from them. We have found that CcMADS19 is enriched in repressive H3K27me3 marks in young, but not old leaves, revealing that axillary buds retain a silenced version of the floral repressor that is mitotically transmitted to the newly emerging leaves, which are able to induce flowering. Therefore, we propose that flowering in Citrus is necessarily preceded by vegetative sprouting, so that the competence to respond to floral inductive signals is reset in the new leaves.
- PublicationIn loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) return bloom depends on the time the fruit remains on the tree(Springer Verlag (Germany), 2014-12) Reig Valor, Carmina; Mesejo Conejos, Carlos; Martínez Fuentes, Amparo; Agustí Fonfría, Manuel; Dpto. de Producción Vegetal; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónIn loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), the comparison of fruiting trees and defruited trees carried out covering a range of developmental fruit stages reveals a significant reduction in flowering due to fruit from its early stage of development, being higher when it changes color and becomes senescent, which coincides with the floral bud inductive period. This effect occurred both at the tree and at the shoot level. Furthermore, although current shoots almost always develop into panicles, those from fruiting trees develop fewer flowers, suggesting that fruit also affects at the floral bud level. In our experiment, the gibberellin concentration at the floral bud inductive period was significantly higher in bark tissues (periderm, cortex and phloem tissues) of fruiting trees, compared with defruited trees that tend to flower more. The lower concentration of IAA in the bark tissues of defruited trees also contributes to increase their flowering intensity. On the contrary, the zeatin concentration was higher. Accordingly, at bud burst, the IAA/zeatin ratio, an indication of effect on flowering, was significantly higher for fruiting trees. Some disruption in the nitrate reduction process in fruiting tree was also observed. The process of floral bud induction and differentiation was not associated with either reducing or translocating and reserve carbohydrate concentration. Hence, loquat flower intensity depends on the time the fruit is maintained on the tree. The intensity is affected indirectly, by reducing the number of shoots, and directly, by reducing the number of flowers per panicle, and these effects are linked to endogenous plant hormone contents.