Artículos, conferencias, monografías
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Esta colección está formada por artículos, conferencias, comunicaciones y otras publicaciones elaborados por miembros de la Universitat Politècnica de València.
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Browsing Artículos, conferencias, monografías by UPV Entity "Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas"
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- PublicationA combination of three surface modifiers for the optimal generation and application of natural hybrid nanopigments in a biodegradable resin(Springer Verlag (Germany), 2017-01) Micó Vicent, Bárbara; Jordán Núñez, Jorge; Martinez Verdu, Francisco Miguel; Balart Gimeno, Rafael Antonio; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales; Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadOur purpose was to improve the thermal, mechanical and optimal properties of an epoxy bioresin using optimum hybrid natural pigments previously synthesised in our lab. Next, we searched for the best combinations of factors in the synthesis of natural hybrid nanopigments and then incorporated them into the bioresin. We combined three structural modifiers in the nanopigment synthesis, surfactant, coupling agent (silane) and a mordant salt (alum), selected to replicate mordant textile dyeing with natural dyes. We used Taguchi s design L8 to seek final performance optimisation. We selected three natural dyes, chlorophyll, beta-carotene and beetroot extract, and used two laminar nanoclay types, montmorillonite and hydrotalcite. The thermal, mechanical and colorimetric characterisation of the composite obtained by mixing natural hybrid nanopigments (bionanocomposite) was made. The natural dye interactions with both nanoclays improved the thermal stabilities, colour performance and UV VIS light exposure stability of natural dyes and bioresins. The best bionanocomposite materials were found in an acidic pH [3, 4] environment and by modifying nanoclays with mordant and surfactant during the nanopigment synthesis process
- PublicationA Cross-Disciplinary Outlook of Directions and Challenges in Industrial Electronics(IEEE, 2022) She, Jinhua; Guzman-Miranda, Hipolito; Huang, Victor; Chen, Allen C.; Karnouskos, Stamatis; Dunai Dunai, Larisa; Ma, Chengbin; Tisan, Alin; Yokota, Sho; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japón[EN] How to build a sustainable society in view of industrial electronics has been discussed from energy, information and communication technologies, cyber-physical systems (CPSs), and other viewpoints. This paper presents a cross-disciplinary view that integrates the fields of human factors, professional education, electronic systems on chip, resilience and security for industrial applications, technology ethics and society, and standards. After explaining the efforts and challenges in these fields, this paper shows a methodology for cross-disciplinary technology that integrates the technical committees in Cluster 4, Industrial Electronics Society. A project, which was launched in March 2022, implements a 'Proof of Concept' trial of the methodology.
- PublicationA Cuboid Registers Topic, Activity and Competency Data to Exude Feedforward and Continuous Assessment of Competencies(MDPI AG, 2022-02) Minguez-Aroca, Francisco; Moll López, Santiago Emmanuel; Llobregat Gómez, Nuria; Sánchez Ruiz, Luis Manuel; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Dpto. de Lingüística Aplicada; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática; Centro de Investigación en Acuicultura y Medio Ambiente; Universitat Politècnica de València[EN] Evaluating competencies achieved by students within a subject and its different topics is a multivariable and complex task whose outcome should provide actual information on their evolution. A relevant feature when a continuous assessment (CA) rules this evaluation is to track their learning process so that pertinent feedforward may be harnessed to proactively promote improvement when required. As this process is performed via a number of activities, such as lectures, problem solving, and lab practice, different competencies are developed, depending on the recurrence and type of conducted activity. Measuring and registering their achievement is the leitmotif of competency-based assessment. In this paper, we assemble topic, activity and competency data into a 3D matrix array to form what we call a TAC cuboid. This cuboid showcases a detailed account of each student evolution, aiding instructors and students to design and follow, respectively, an individualized curricular strategy within a continuous and aligned assessment methodology, which facilitates each student to adequately modify his/her level of development of each competency. In addition, we compare the TAC cuboids' usage in grading a mathematics subject versus a traditional CA method as well as when a dynamical continuous assessment approach is considered to measure the achievement of mathematical competencies.
- PublicationA Hybrid Real-Time Vision-Based Person Detection Method(Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia (ITEAM)", 2011) Oliver Moll, Javier; Albiol Colomer, Alberto; Morillas Gómez, Samuel; Peris Fajarnes, Guillermo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Dpto. de Comunicaciones; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Geodésica, Cartográfica y Topográfica; Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática; Centro Propio de Investigación Pattern Recognition and Human Language Technology; European Commission; Generalitat Valenciana[EN] In this paper, we introduce a hybrid real-time method for vision-based pedestrian detection made up by the sequential combination of two basic methods applied in a coarse to fine fashion. The proposed method aims to achieve an improved balance between detection accuracy and computational load by taking advantage of the strengths of these basic techniques. Haar-like features combined with Boosting techniques, which have been demonstrated to provide rapid but not accurate enough results in human detection, are used in the first stage to provide a preliminary candidate selection in the scene. Then, feature extraction and classification methods, which present high accuracy rates at expenses of a higher computational cost, are applied over boosting candidates providing the final prediction. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs effectively and efficiently, which supports its suitability for real applications.
- PublicationA new approach to occupancy map modeling in navigation assisted by computer vision(2011) Riquelme Madrona, Julio; Ortigosa Araque, Nuria; Magal Royo, Teresa; Morillas Gómez, Samuel; Peris Fajarnes, Guillermo; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Geodésica, Cartográfica y Topográfica; Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática; European Commission[EN] Occupancy grid maps have been widely used in robotics for navigation assistance. Most of the current occupancy maps use grids based on Cartesian coordinates. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to occupancy map modeling which represents the grid using cylindrical coordinates instead of Cartesian coordinates. The new approach is applied to create a 3D model of the surrounding space. Several computer vision systems and sensors including a stereo vision system, a laser-based depth system and some movement and position sensors are considered to be used to provide the inputs. Simulations are provided to show that the proposed approach presents some improvements over Cartesian coordinates based model. © 2011 CRL Publishing Ltd.
- PublicationA New m-Learning Scenario for a Listening Comprehension Assessment Test in Second Language Acquisition [SLA](Verlag der Technischen Universitat Graz, 2017) Magal Royo, Teresa; García Laborda, Jesús; Price, Sara; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte[EN] Computer adaptive language testing offers the possibility to research and practice m-learning using ubiquitous technology. Virtual education in m-learning uses conventional Learning Objects (LO) to enable the possibility of development of several tasks oriented towards language learning including the assessment and verification of skill improvements in second language acquisition. So far, there are few research papers on the impact of using new multimodal digital resources as LO in the design process of foreign language assessment tests through mobile devices because many English certification tests still continue to use traditional testing techniques [face-to-face and pen-and-paper assessments] combined with conventional digital environments oriented to virtual education. Learning languages requires not only new m-learning scenarios for assessment but also multimodal interactive environments to improve the user's experience during proficiency tests or language certification. Multimodal object learning such as augmented environments, learning games, spatial sound, etc. can be integrated into an assessment process to enhance the user¿s experience by simulating natural communicative scenarios. The present article defines an innovative new m-learning scenario for listening comprehension assessment in an on-line test by implementing a multimodal audio learning source named binaural sound. Use of this technology will enable demonstration of other possibilities of human interaction to improve the user's experience in language learning through sound perception and its cognition from the user in an especific learning task.
- PublicationA Note on Relative (p, q) th Proximate Order of Entire Functions(Canadian Center of Science and Education (CCSE), 2016-10) Sánchez Ruiz, Luis Manuel; Datta, Sanjib Kumar; Biswas, Tanmay; Ghosh, Chinmay; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad[EN] Relative order of functions measures specifically how different in growth two given functions are which helps to settle the exact physical state of a system. In this paper for any two positive integers p and q, we introduce the notion of relative (p, q) th proximate order of an entire function with respect to another entire function and prove its existence.
- PublicationA Survey on Valdivia Open Question on Nikodým Sets(MDPI AG, 2022-08) López Alfonso, Salvador; López Pellicer, Manuel; Moll López, Santiago Emmanuel; Sánchez Ruiz, Luis Manuel; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Dpto. de Construcciones Arquitectónicas; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura; Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA, INNOVACIÓN y UNIVERSIDADES[EN] Let A be an algebra of subsets of a set W and ba(A) the Banach space of bounded finitely additive scalar-valued measures on A endowed with the variation norm. A subset B of A is a Nikodým set for ba(A) if each countable B-pointwise bounded subset M of ba(A) is norm bounded. A subset B of A is a Grothendieck set for ba(A) if for each bounded sequence in ba(A) the B-pointwise convergence on ba(A) implies its ba(A)*-pointwise convergence on ba(A). A subset B of an algebra A is a strong-Nikodým (Grothendieck) set for ba(A) if in each increasing covering {B_n : n \in N} of B there exists B_m which is a Nikodým (Grothendieck) set for ba(A). The answer of the following open question for an algebra A of subsets of a set W, proposed by Valdivia in 2013, has not yet been found: Is it true that if A is a Nikodým set for ba(A) then A is a strong Nikodým set for ba(A)? In this paper we surveyed some results related to this Valdivia¿s open question, as well as the corresponding problem for strong Grothendieck sets. The new Propositions 1 and 3 provide more simplified proofs, particularly in their application to Theorems 1 and 2, which were the main results surveyed. Moreover, the proofs of almost all other propositions are wholly or partially original.
- PublicationAcoustic behavior of hollow blocks and bricks made of concrete doped with waste-tire rubber(MDPI AG, 2016) Fraile-Garcia, Esteban; Ferreiro-Cabello, Javier; Defez Garcia, Beatriz; Peris Fajarnes, Guillermo; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Geodésica, Cartográfica y Topográfica; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Vigas Mazo, S.L.[EN] In this paper, we investigate the acoustic behaviour of building elements made of concrete doped with waste-tire rubber. Three different mixtures were created, with 0%, 10%, and 20% rubber in their composition. Bricks, lattice joists, and hollow blocks were manufactured with each mixture, and three different cells were built and tested against aerial and impact noise. The values of the global acoustic isolation and the reduction of the sound pressure level of impacts were measured. Results proved that highly doped elements are an excellent option to isolate low requency sounds, whereas intermediate and standard elements constitute a most interesting option to block middle and high frequency sounds. In both cases, the considerable amount of waste-tire rubber recycled could justify the employment of the doped materials for the sake of the environment.
- PublicationActive methodology in the Audiovisual communication degree(Elsevier, 2010) Giménez López, José Luis; Magal Royo, Teresa; García Laborda, Jesús; Dunai Dunai, Larisa; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Politécnica Superior de GandiaThe paper describes the adaptation methods of the active methodologies of the new European higher education area in the new Audiovisual Communication degree under the perspective of subjects related to the area of the interactive communication in Europe. The proposed active methodologies have been experimentally implemented into the new academic curricular development of the subjects, leading to a docent adjustment for the professors who currently teach lectures and who have been evaluated for the first time. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- PublicationAlgebraic solution of models with a quick thrust by means of a computer algebraic system(İstanbul Aydin University, 2013) Legua, M.; Morales, I.; Sánchez Ruiz, Luis Manuel; Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías GráficasQuick thrusts or pushes do appear in a number of engineering situations which are usually modeled by means of delta generalizad functions. Some of these may be properly manipulated with computer algebraic systems such as Mathematica. The aim of this note is showing how this may be carried out in a number of specific examples corresponding to some dynamic systems.
- PublicationAlternative Computer Assisted Communicative Task-based Language Testing: New Communicational and Interactive Online Skills(International Association of Online Engineering, 2021) Magal Royo, Teresa; García Laborda, Jesús; Mora Cantallops, Marçal; Sánchez Alonso, Salvador; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas[EN] Computer-assisted language learning knowledge tests should no longer be designed on traditional skills to measure individual competence through traditional skills such as reading, comprehension and writing, but instead, it should diagnose interactive and communication skills in foreign languages. In recent years in online education, it has been necessary to review the concept of interactive competence in digital environments in a complementary way to its traditional use. It is important to promote a new typology of alternative tasks and items in tests where examinees can prove a real interactive performance in communication and interaction through the digital scenario. This should be done through tools that facilitate oral negotiation, the management and understanding of the information extracted from online repositories, the search for suitable online digital material, and the use of new modes of audio-visual communication. Although some of these tasks have been used in a complementary way in the design of language tests previously: it is true that they have not been applied in a coherent way to be used as an assessment tool. A first approach was made by Miguel Alvarez, Garcia Laborda & Magal-Royo (2021) in the development of oral negotiation skills through the use of interactive tools. The current online assessment models analyzed by Garcia Laborda & Alvarez Fernandez (2021) indicate the need to seek new ways of assessing foreign languages through the design of tests that fit in the current digital and interactive world.
- PublicationAmbiente y artesanía: Sinergia para el desarrollo rural sustentable(Spanish Journal of Rural Development, 2015) Lugo-Morin, D.; Magal Royo, Teresa; Shinn, C.; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías GráficasEl objetivo del estudio es valorar la potencialidad de una planta acuática [Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach] para la manufactura artesanal en los territorios aledaños a la Laguna de Yahuarcocha. El reconocimiento actual de las fibras naturales a nivel mundial está siendo evaluado por su potencialidad económica y social en comunidades desfavorecidas que necesitan desarrollar modelos de economía sustentable. El desarrollo de nuevos productos planteará en el futuro la necesidad de capacitar a los nuevos artesanos en términos relacionados con el ecodiseño y la comunicación del producto que permita evaluar los productos realizados desde un punto de vista de la artesanía sustentable.
- PublicationAn agent-based paradigm for virtual modeling(Elsevier, 2022-04-15) Conesa, Julián; Camba, Jorge D.; Aranda Domingo, José Ángel; Contero González, Manuel Roberto; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Tecnología Centrada en el Ser Humano; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas[EN] Recent advances in graphics hardware technology are enabling the development of increasingly more sophisticated virtual reality (VR) applications. However, the representation of 3D virtual models in this medium requires finding a proper balance between visual quality and computational complexity. Virtual reality-based software should be optimized in a manner that the functions responsible for representing and rendering the 3D scene do not execute any tasks that may cause delays in the rendering process. In this paper, we describe, implement, and validate a multi-agent architecture for VR-based geometric modeling that enables managing user interaction and the geometric database independently from the representation of the virtual model. Our results show that the proposed approach can significantly improve rendering refresh rates when compared to conventional methods.
- PublicationAn overview of the needs of technology in language learning in Spain(Elsevier, 2015-05-13) García Laborda, Jesús; Magal Royo, Teresa; Barcena Madera, E.; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación[EN] Over the few years, computer based language testing has become prevailing worldwide. The number of institutions the use computers as the main means of delivery has increased dramatically. Many students face each day tests for well-known high-stakes decisions which imply the knowledge and ability to use technology to provide evidence of language mastery. However, this situation is not the same everywhere. While countries like the United States or the United Kingdom are spearheads of this tendency, others like Spain, lag way behind. This paper addresses the needs of use of computer based language testing in the new Spanish educational system. To do so, this paper introduces the current situation in Spain, then proceeds to do a SWOT analysis emphasizing the lacks and opportunities for language based assessments and concludes by stating the positive issues involving them.
- PublicationAnálisis bibliométrico de la producción científica mexicana sobre ingeniería hidráulica en revistas de la base de datos Science Citation Index-Expanded (1997-2008)(Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, 2011-10) Rojas Sola, José Ignacio; Jordá Albiñana, María Begoña; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas[EN] The objective of this work was, first, to identify hydraulic engineering journals published throughout Latin America. To this end, the initial focus was to review the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database for journals associated with two categories—water resources and civil engineering. This resulted in a total of 20. Second, a bibliometric analysis was performed of papers published in those journals between 1997 and 2008 by Mexican research institutions. This analysis found 373 papers in the 20 journals, of which 298 were in Spanish, 73 in English and 2 in French. Mexico has become the second most published country in Latin American in terms of scientific articles and has the third greatest sum of mean impact for the journals in which they are published. Furthermore, the journal Ingeniería Hidráulica en México (Hydraulic Engineering in Mexico) represents 81% of all Mexican and 33.51% of all Latin American scientific production. International collaborations were also identified, mainly with the United States, France and Spain.
- PublicationAnálisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas venezolanas en la categoría de ecología en la base de datos del Web of Science (1997-2008)(Interciencia Association, 2010) Rojas-Sola, José Ignacio; Jordá Albiñana, María Begoña; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas[ES] Se revisó a través de la base de datos del Web of Science (WoS), a nivel institucional, los trabajos realizados sobre ecología en Venezuela y publicados en revistas internacionales con factor de impacto entre los años 1997 y 2008. Se encontraron 644 trabajos en 56 revistas, la mayoría en español e inglés. Tres universidades y un instituto de investigación (Universidades Central de Venezuela, Simón Bolívar y de Los Andes, e Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas) aglutinan el 96,58% de toda la producción científica registrada en esa base de datos en ecología, destacando la Universidad Central de Venezuela con 229 artículos (35,56%). Se constató un aumento de la producción científica hasta 2006, año a partir del cual se observa un descenso acusado. En cuanto a factor de impacto, destaca el Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, seguido por la Universidad de los Andes. Asimismo se destacó una alta colaboración internacional, principalmente con investigadores de los EEUU.
- PublicationAnálisis bibliométrico del campo de la energía undimotriz(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022-01-19) Aparisi Torrijo, Javier; Pacheco Blanco, Bélgica Victoria; Lengua Lengua, Ismael; Hernandis Ortuño, Bernabé; Dpto. de Proyectos de Ingeniería; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Politécnica Superior de Gandia; C.Inv.Dirección Proyectos,Innov.yS.PRINS[ES] El presente artículo investiga de manera cuantitativa la literatura relacionada con la energía undimotriz, por su prometedora contribución al campo de las energías renovables. En este trabajo, se realiza un análisis bibliométrico de los más de 3.000 artículos extraídos de la colección principal de la base de datos de Web of Science, desde 2016 hasta mediados de 2021. La finalidad principal de este método es efectuar un estudio de tendencias de las publicaciones, un examen de la estructura general y anual de las citas, presentar los principales autores, revistas y países más relevantes, así como identificar temas de investigación clave para contribuir al desarrollo de este campo. Los resultados muestran que la evolución de publicación aumenta considerablemente desde 2016, especialmente en los dos últimos años. Entre los países más publicadores se encuentran China y Estados Unidos. En cuanto a las revistas más representativas en esta materia son Renewable Energy y Energies. Esta cartografía actual del ámbito de la energía undimotriz ayuda a entender la investigación desarrollada en los últimos años, para identificar las áreas de interés actual y proporcionar una hoja de ruta para las investigaciones futuras.
- PublicationAnálisis de la cocción de alimentos precocinados mediante tecnología de infrarrojos(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019-05-07) Pajares Moreno, Bernardo; Peris Fajarnes, Guillermo; Moncho Santonja, María; Garrigós Simón, Fernando José; Lengua Lengua, Ismael; Dpto. de Organización de Empresas; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Geodésica, Cartográfica y Topográfica; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas; Escuela Politécnica Superior de Gandia; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática[ES] La presente investigación estudia la cocción de un alimento precocinado. Aprovechando que ciertos alimentos tienen forma cilíndrica, se utilizará el movimiento rotatorio para su cocción. Utilizando una cantidad mínima de aceite. Para la realización del experimento de cocción, se barajaros diferentes tipos de lámparas de tecnología infrarroja de diferentes longitudes de. Los resultados obtenidos nos indicarán si la cocción del producto se realiza de una forma adecuada. El objetivo es mantener las condiciones organolépticas, en comparación a la inmersión en aceite en alta temperatura. Al mismo tiempo, el resultado del estudio condicionará el posible diseño de un horno de cocción en continuo. Con la finalidad de cocinar este tipo de producto a nivel industrial.
- PublicationANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DE LOS NOMBRES DE MARCA ESPAÑOLES(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010) Jordá Albiñana, María Begoña; Ampuero Canellas, Olga; González del Rio Cogorno, Jimena; Magal Royo, Teresa; Dpto. de Ingeniería Gráfica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño; Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas[EN] Brand name is a value within marketing strategy in every company. However, these words that are part of the vocabulary we use daily are not being enough considered from a linguistic point of view. This research analyses the phonetic, morphology and semantic of 141 Spanish brand names that belong to the Leading Brands of Spain Forum. Results describe how those words used as brand names in Spain are and which image of Spanish Language is projected through them. Furthermore, they can be used as guidelines for those people that are in charge of creating brand names.