24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age

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https://riunet7pre.upv.es/handle/10251/111951

Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura September 27, 2017 – September 29, 2017

XXIV ISUF Conference in Valencia marks as its objective the updating of studies in urban morphology and urban and territorial planning on a two-fold global concern, environmental sustainability and social and urban inequality, concern to be focused on the development of new analytical techniques. First concern, environmental sustainability, is addressed in Topics nº 1 “Stages in territorial configuration”, nº 4, “Efficient use of resources for a sustainable city”, nº 5 “Transforming the existing city”, and nº 8, “Urban green space”.

Second concern, social and urban inequality, is addressed in Topics nº2 “Urban form and social use of space” and nº3, “Reading and regenerating the informal city”.

The emphasis in new analytical methods is addressed in Topics nº6 “Cartography and Big Data” and nº7, “Tools for analysis in urban morphology”.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 168

Urban Morphology and Sustainability: towards a shared design methodology
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Maretto, Marco; Gherri, Barbara; Pitanti, Greta; Scattino, Francesco
[EN] The information revolution is radically transforming the very foundation of the ‘fossil city’. A ‘virtual’ macro-urbanism will intersect with an ‘actual’ micro-urbanism, physical and concrete, determining the form of the new urban environment. Within the binomial of macro- and micro- urbanism, urban morphology identifies an interesting socio-building scale that can serve as the basic strategy for sustainable city planning in the twenty-first century. Morphology thus becomes the necessary ‘plug-in’ for registering the different ‘networks’ that characterize the contemporary city – from IT and ‘smart’ devices to energy and environmental systems - translating these networks into building practices, into ‘fabrics’, for the physical city. At this purpose an Urban Design methodology has been developed in order to combine the Urban Morphology tools with those of Sustainability giving particular attention to the topics of the comfort outdoor and the passive environmental control systems. The methodology has then been applied in the Sant Adrià De Besos Waterfront Regeneration Project in Barcelona. Neighbourhood’s size, complexity and localisation, between the sea and a large area of brown fields at the northern gateway of the Catalan capital, has set up an interesting testing bench. A sequence of consecutive steps characterizes the methodology in which morphology, architecture and sustainability intersect one another within a single design process.
Typo-morphology of Transformation: Reading typo-morphological changes in Tehran during ‘Modern’ and contemporary era for further prescriptions
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Abaee, Mazyar
[EN] Traditionally typo-morphology deals with reading cities, chiefly historical cities, to retrieve legible urbanism after Modernism changes. During Modernism period and after that new types of forms and new kinds of functions inserted to urban fabrics all over the world which this process can be seen as a mutation of urban form everywhere. Disadvantages resulted from Some of these forms are the main reasons which morphological studies turned his head to historic cities to find traditional approaches which can answer better the functions responded by these new forms. But some of them includes functions never exist before. This mutation happened once again during the globalization process. Globalization gave birth to new types of forms and new kinds of function. Typo-morphology based on a deep background of concepts and methods found many ways to study historic urban forms. This article argues using typo-morphological methods for understanding and taxonomy of new forms can lead us to knowledge for how to bolter these new forms for further exploitation. In this regard the notion of type in classical studies of typomorphology, philosophical interpretations of 20th century and methodologies developed by different schools of typo-morphology is reread. Based on such scrutiny judging all these forms can be possible and give some legitimacy to stay in or abandoned from the repertoire of urban types. The article ends with a proposal for a methodical exploration of classical notions of morphology to study the mutation process happened after modernistic changes and the new round of changes known as globalization.
Urban form in special geographical conditions: a case study in Kenting National Park
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Chen, Chih-Hung; Chuang, Chun-Ya
[EN] Since the land surface is heterogeneous, the natural landscape as an essential element in contemporary morphological studies becomes the initial factor in the formation of a settlement. Moreover, the interaction with natural landscape, built form and the boundary matrix can illuminate ecological perspective on the form of the city. (Scheer, 2016) To understand the urban form under special geographical conditions, a case study is conducted in Kenting National Park, which is a tropical area with rich landscape such as moutains, lakes and rivers, plains, basins, and surrounded by seas. An analytical approach based on Historico-Geographical approach (Kropf, 2009; Oliveira, 2016) is applied in this paper. After identifying the scope of 42 settlements, there are three outer shape types such as compact, scattered, linear. Then, three kinds of morphotopes (Conzen, 1988) can mainly be figured out by comparing the combination between streets, buildings and plots: i) Detached, duplex houses on small plots along the access road; ii) Attached buildings on small plots along the main road; iii) Villas or hotels on large plots along the main road. Finally, the relationship between the larger plan units (Conzen, 1960) and the geographical conditions shows that the homogeneous configuration of plan units corresponds to the certain landscape. On the other hand, this article seeks to find out the impacts and changes caused by special geographical conditions in consequence of the landscape affects not only the formation of urban form but the evolution because its influence on socio-economic context.
The changing pattern of urban form: Example of Tripoli, Libya
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Alakhal, Almabrok
[EN] This paper will start with a short historical background of Tripoli, and identify the periods of growth by using an evidence of maps, photos, sketches, to illustrate and the schematic of changes, then will identify the problems for the historic city in the particular era. The paper will focuses in impact of Modernism, nature, scale and speed of change – physical environment (streets, plots, buildings, land uses) and social change (uses, occupiers).
A study on the history of urban morphology in China based on discourse analysis
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Zhang, Limeng; Lu, Andong
[EN] Urban morphology is a method widely used in China in the field of urban design and urban conservation. Since its first introduction to the Chinese context about 30 years ago, the key ideas and concepts of urban morphology underwent a significant phenomenon of ‘lost in translation’. Different origins of morphological thoughts, different versions of translation, as well as different disciplinary context, have all together led to a chaotic discourse. This paper reviews the key Chinese articles in the field of urban morphology since 1982 and draws out a group of persistent keywords, such as urban form, growth mechanism, evolution and axis that characterize the morphological approach to urban issues, to find unusual evolutionary process. By reviewing the transformation of the definition of these keywords, this paper aims to generate an evolutionary diagram of landmark ideas and concepts.
Plot systems and property rights: morphological, juridical and economic aspects
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Bobkova, Evgeniya; Marcus, Lars; Berghauser Pont, Meta
[EN] The importance of the parcel (also referred to as ‘plot’ or ‘lot’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. It has been described as a basic element in the pattern of land divisions that works as an organizational grid for urban form. One of the distinctive features of the parcel is its dual character: it means both a legal unit defining property rights and a physical entity. In urban fabrics, these dimensions act together to drive the evolution of built space. In this paper, we will investigate the entanglements of the morphological and the legislative definitions of the term, with the aim to resolve these, we better can address and compare the vital layer of parcels in different urban contexts, by both identifying common properties of the notion parcels, and dealing with variations in its legal framework in different countries. What we aim to capture with such a comprehensive definition is the relation between urban form and generic functions, which mainly concerns the functions of occupation and movement, where the system of parcels can be identified as spaces that embed an affordance for occupancy in cities of most kinds. The intended outcome of the paper is to unveil the power of the dual nature of the parcel, bridging between spatial and non-spatial dimensions of cities, that is, more precisely, a potential to establish a stronger interface between urban design and planning practice.
Ruins and city. Procedure suggestion for the Imperial Forums of Rome
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Marcenac, Valeria; Ballester Bordes, María José; Bosch Roig, Lluis; Campos González, Carlos; Bosch Reig, Ignacio; Dpto. de Proyectos Arquitectónicos; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura; Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio
[EN] The actual area of the Imperial Forums is presented as a big urban void in which the scale of the city has been lost. A "no man's land", inhospitable, to which you could assign the qualifying of "non-place". A huge and fragmented "archaeological park" in which the observer is not able of relate the rests and recognise the trace of the ancient forums. This problems have been adressed within the framework of the "Workshop of Conservation and Intervention" of the MCPA Master of the UPV, in which have been suggested differente strategies, both of search of the sewn of the city, and of the recognition of the different historical stratums existing on the place. To the same extent, this topic has been an international contest object, on which the proposal we have presented comes from a “modern” attitude, that helps us going beyond the evocative power of the ruin, or from its value as a referent from the past. An attitude which seeks to inhabit the ruin, occupy and settle it with architectures that renew its value, they are commited with the past and the present, and they guarantee their future presence. In this sense, the wanted and searched condition of "presence", is not as supported by the recovery of what have existed as it is by the ability of the intervention by accepting the transformations which have happened throughout history, introducing in turn a new stratum that besides answering the current needs, strengthen its statement as architecture. And all of that, urban regeneration is searched through the recuperation of the city’s scale loss.
Shape of cadastral plot and band of pertinence. Meaning for Architectural Design
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Carlotti, Paolo
[EN] Some our studies of urban morphology, implemented on historical and contemporary urban fabric maps, allow us to believe that the shape of the lot and of band of pertinence of a pathway are essential to reading the formative urban process. Different phases of formative process of an urban center seems, in fact, to be recognizable in the of shape of lot and interaction between lots and path. These morphological shapes (lots) are the result of different centrality that are produced in the building fabric and, consequently, the restructuring pathways are important for understanding rules and causes of urban and architectural transformation of the city. This paper aims to offer a contribution to the definition of the elements of urban morphology. This research, part of a series of research, carried out in the Lab. Lettura e Progetto dell’Architettura of the Faculty of Roma (Sapienza), tries to be implemented in some case studies: Murcia and San Mateu.
A configurational perspective on the transformation of smalland medium-sized historical towns in Zhejiang, China
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Zhang, Ye; Xie, Xiangya; Zhang, Jie
[EN] Historical cities in China have experienced tremendous changes in the past century and in particular over the past 30 years. While an increasing number of researches on the transformation of major cities have been witnessed in recent years, endeavours to studying the more ordinary and small- and medium-sized towns are very rare. This research attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by studying six historical towns in Zhejiang, China from a configurational perspective. Changes of street configuration and its relation to spatial distribution of urban activities from Qing dynasty to the present are investigated. Methodologically, both axial and segment models of Space Syntax method are employed and different syntactic measures are examined, in order for an insightful analysis of the change of street configuration. Point-of-interest (PoI) mapping is harnessed to describe urban activity distribution, and its relationship with street configuration is examined using bivariate correlation analysis. The result shows that all six case studies exhibit similar process of change – street configuration become increasingly integrated and structured from Qing dynasty to the 1980s before getting separated and less structured and diverging in street layout until the present. The distribution of urban activities, however, is shown positively correlated to spatial integration throughout the period of history under investigation.
Location-based density and differentiation– adding attraction variables to space syntax
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Marcus, Lars; Berghauser Pont, Meta; Stavroulaki, Gianna; Bobkova, Jane
[EN] The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself, but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Ståhle et al 2005). Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, but we may also conceive of a model of ‘pure’ spatial form – a kind of architectural model of the city. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Ståhle et al 2005). In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity and present results from an extensive empirical study including four European cities, paving the way towards a more complete architectural model of the city including both the analysis of distance and attractions.
Measuring compactness of the urban landscape within a city territory for environmental capabilities: the case of 50 cities in eastern China
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Shuang, Chen S.; Tong, Zhang; Guangyu, Li; Yue, Yan
[EN] When a compact city is pursued as the strategy for urban sustainability the understanding of compactness is varied from the developed countries to the developing countries. In China the historical cities are characterized with high density and mixed land use. After a short time of motorization they still show compact forms in the central city. A large amount of newly developed areas are distributed in clusters near or far from the center. The crop land and natural habitat are encroached to different degrees. This paper developed an approach to measure the structural compactness of urban landscape patches within a city territory. It included six spatial metrics to measure the shape and density of the central agglomeration, the area configuration and distant relationship between the central agglomeration and the other clusters, and the distribution of all urban patches. By this approach the 50 cities in eastern China were categorized into five classes of forms: one center, multi-centers, centralized groups, cluster groups and scatter. Then the vegetation biomass loss with urban expansion was calculated based on remote sensing data, and used to assess the environmental capability of the five types of urban form. The suggestions of urban form optimization could be put forward for the five categories of cities.
Building a timeline, developing a narrative: visualising fringe belt formation alongside street network development
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Geddes, Ilaria; Charalambous, Nadia
[EN] This project was developed as an attempt to assess the relationship between different morphogenetic processes, in particular, those of fringe belt formation as described by M.R.G. Conzen (1960) and Whitehand (2001), and of centrality and compactness as described by Hillier (1999; 2002). Different approaches’ focus on different elements of the city has made it difficult to establish exactly how these processes interact or whether they are simply different facets of development reflecting wider socio-economic factors. To address this issue, a visual, chronological timeline of Limassol’s development was constructed along with a narrative of the socio-economic context of its development. The complexity of cities, however, makes static visualisations across time difficult to read and assess alongside textual narratives. We therefore took the step of developing an animation of land use and configurational analyses of Limassol, in order bring to life the diachronic analysis of the city and shed light on its generative mechanisms. The video presented here shows that the relationship between the processes mentioned above is much stronger and more complex than previously thought. The related paper explores in more detail the links between fringe belt formation as a cyclical process of peripheral development and centrality as a recurring process of minimisation of gains in distance. The project’s outcomes clearly show that composite methods of visualisations are an analytical opportunity still little exploited within urban morphology.
City-like Settlement to Industrial City: A Case of Urban Transformation in Huwei Township
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Chen, Chih-Hung; Chen, Chih-Yu
[EN] City-like Settlement (German: Teilweise Stadtähnliche Siedlungen) (Schwarz, 1989; Sorre, 1952) plays an important role in the course of civilization, especially the development of industrial cities. Accordingly, this study utilizes Town-Plan Analysis (Conzen, 1960) to deconstruct the relationships between industrialization and settlement formation in order to illustrate the common origin of cities in Taiwan as a result of the emerging economy at the turn of the 20th century. The industrial city of Huwei, known as the “sugar city” with largest yields of cane sugar in Taiwan, had the largest-scale sugar refinery in pre-war East Asia (Williams, 1980). The city has grown and transformed with the factory during the four phases of morphological periods, which began at the establishment of the sugar refinery and worker housing in the middle of the fertile flooding plain in western Taiwan. The spatial arrangement was directed to operational and management efficiency, characterized by the simple grids and hierarchy of layout along the riverside. As the industry enlarged, the new urban core was planned to support the original settlement with shophouses accumulated in the small grids. Followed by postwar modernism (Schinz, 1989), the urban planning again extended the city boundary with larger and polygonal blocks. In the fourth phase, however, the sugar refinery downsized, leading to the conversion of the worker housing and the merging of the factory and the city that slowly brought to its present shape. The morphological process results in the concentric structure from the sugar refinery, providing valuable references for the preservation of the sugar industry townscape, and unveils the influence of industrialization as well as the special urban development pattern in Taiwan.
Morphological evolution of the fringe-belts of Krasnoyarsk
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Logunova, Elena
[EN] Urban fringe-belt phenomenon in cities of Siberia hitherto was poorly investigated. Thus, it constitutes an extremely broad research area. Phases and processes of formation, transformation and alienation in urban fringebelts examines at the case of Krasnoyarsk from the 17th to mid 20th centuries. Relation of changes in fringe-belts structure and political and socio-economic contexts is evidently at all periods of their physical formation. Natural fixation lines (topographic features, body of big river, and development of small river valley) and man-made fixation lines (city walls, railway corridor) influenced to the formation and evolution processes of fringe-belts and urban fabric generally. Railway was a turning point in the city expansion and contributed to overcoming of the power natural fixation line as the Yenisei river. Unlike the urban core, right bank of Krasnoyarsk formed as a linear city with specific fringe belts. Detailed analysis of Krasnoyarsk city plan indentifies several morphological units separated by fringe-belts. These fringe-belts are characterized by distinctive road network, variety of land-use units and heterogeneous forms in plan. It presents difficulties for reconstruction projects of modern city. An approach for renovation of these territories needs to depend on urban morphology methodology.
Urban landscape assessment
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Collado Capilla, Vicente; Gómez-Pardo Gabaldón, Sonia
[EN] The valuation of the urban landscape as an important element in the quality of life and the sustainable development of the city constitute an incipient field of investigation from a new perspective that adds meanings and values. It starts from the concept of valuation as a system where the tangible and intangible values that the population and the experts assign to it are considered. These include formal, economic, environmental, social, cultural... issues and the relationships among them. The consideration of the opinions of experts from different disciplines, together with the preferences expressed by the population regarding the spaces they inhabit on a daily basis and their aspirations, strengthen the sense of belonging and the identity of the place as key elements in the perception of landscapes Urban that allows to contribute new qualities, criteria of integration and contemporary values to any type of intervention. These strategies and intervention procedures start from the complexity of the city as a system and incorporate the perception that citizens have or will have of their immediate environment. An analytical-qualitative methodology is proposed for the appraisal of the urban landscape assessment by the experts based on the systemic and perceptive factors that characterize the landscape. Its practical application to the Campanar area in Valencia has allowed us to validate it as a process that leads to the identification of values, pressures and driving forces; the evaluations are carried out in terms of quality objectives and actions to improve the quality of the urban environment.
Virtual reconstruction of urban environments from historical photographs through Image Based Animations (IBA). The Plaza de la Virgen de Valencia around 1870
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Cabanes, Jose; Iborra-Bernad, Federico; Bonafé-Cervera, Carlos
[EN] The recreation of the historical environment of emblematic urban spaces in our cities through interactive technologies, allows to extend their knowledge among the interested users while contributing to its assessment. When the documentary bases are photographs it is possible to carefully model the recorded elements using photogrammetry techniques based on 3D primitives, so that by means of an immersive navigation limited to certain points of view, an appearance of acceptable tridimensionality is obtained, where only isolated images of dispersed frames are available. The virtual recreation can be completed increasing its realistic appearance through its edition with animations of objects (for example, carriages) and characters, texts, musical setting, etc. The results can be presented in formats such as video or navigation through virtual reality helmets. From a selection of the first historical photographs of the Plaza de la Virgen, that we have obtained searching in several documentary sources, our multidisciplinary team is interested in a reliable, realistic and pleasant presentation of the urban environment of one of the most representative places in the city of Valencia, whose spatial configuration has changed significantly over the years.
Urban form and the social of space
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Iribarne, Jorge
[EN] The essential purpose of any Urban Project is to shape Public Space. Buildings role, no matter their architectural qualities, is to shape that void and give it character. The failure of CIAM´s urbanism was its disregard for public space, merely a left over emptiness between isolated building blocks and highways. A good instrument to understand this fact is the Figure/ Ground plans that show in black and white the basic shape of buildings and voids. In the traditional city, the public spaces have a clear definition, a presence of its own. In a CIAM design, the public realm is shapeless, with no hint about either use or limits. These concepts are broadly accepted today, but two adverse conditions affect entire populations: 1. In poor Countries, there is an urgent need to make slums part of the city structure and services, with little budget left for public space. 2. In Asian Cities, mainly in China, immense areas are demolished overnight; its historic fabric replaced by endless rows of anonymous high rise blocks amid elevated traffic structures, with no place left for pedestrians.
Energy Efficiency in the Urban Scale: Case Study – Prague, Czech Republic
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Shtepani, Ernest; Yunitsyna, Anna
[EN] Cities are a complex mass of morphological properties of many city fragments, which play a major role in energy consumption. Urban form, urban patterns, or city fragments can also be seen as defined by algorithms or form generators. Cities are designed taking into account infrastructure, city standards and land use regulations. Energy efficiency of the urban form may be understood as the balance between gains and losses of energy, which may depend on a set of parameters mostly defined by the geometrical shape of the buildings and the distance between them. The study starts from the development and analysis of 60 hypothetical models in order to evaluate their energy efficiency potential. The Galapagos Evolutionary Solver is used as a tool in order to find the set of parameters, which brings to the morphological properties the optimal combination of density and surface-to-volume ratio. At the final stage morphological properties of 64 Prague’s patterns were selected. Computer simulation and analysis is performed using the models extracted from the virtual Google Earth model of Prague. During the process of evaluation of the samples, the relationship between the urban form and such parameters as plot coverage, surface-to-volume ratio and the incident solar radiation was established and potentially higher energy efficient structures were indicated. As the result of analysis the interrelation between urban form and energy efficiency was established, which allowed to identify the urban patterns with the higher potential of energy efficiency.
Obsolescence of urban morphology in Villena (Spain). Spatial analysis of the urban fabric in the ISUD/EDUSI candidature
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) García Martín, Fernando Miguel; Navarro Carmona, Fernando; Solaz Fuster, Eduardo José; Muñoz Macián, Víctor; Sebastià Esteve, María Amparo; Herrero Vicent, Pasqual; Morro Peña, Anna
[EN] The Integrated Sustainable Urban Development strategy (English acronym ISUD, Spanish acronym EDUSI) is an urban planning tool that the municipalities with more than 20.000 inhabitants in Spain need to be funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the 2014-2020 period. The city of Villena is located south- east Spain, inland the province of Alicante. The Villena municipality developed this tool in order to have a holistic and integrated vision of the situation of the city from the urban, social, economic and environmental points of view. As a part of the analysis performed to develop this strategy, a spatial analysis of the urban fabric of Villena was carried out. This study employed concepts from the typomorphological schools of Italy, England and France (Moudon, 1994) as well as from the research on relation between density and urban form (Churchman, 1999, Berghauser & Pont, 2009, Steadman, 2014). The data and cartography of the Spanish Cadaster, processed with SIG software, allowed the study. The spatial analysis included different variables of the built environment, including building height and age; plots size; open space ratios, Not-built plots; type of built-plots according to height and built surface; and compactness of the fabrics. The results of this analysis showed a relationship between the morphological variables and the problems identified in the citizen participation meetings carried out for the elaboration of the ISUD. The identified aspects of urban morphology obsolescence allowed proposing strategies of action to update the built environment to current demands.
The role of historical green spaces in the identity and image of today’s cities: The case of Madrid
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018-04-20) Rodríguez Romero, Eva; Sáenz de Tejada Granados, Carlota; Santo-Tomás Muro, Rocío; Ministerio de Educación; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
[EN] The image that a city offers when approaching it, depending on its topographical situation, the drawing of its borders or its urban form, generates a perceptive construction, for both locals and tourists, with the potential to become an iconic image and therefore play a part in the collective imagery. The character and value of those landscapes is largely determined by their green spaces, preserved in most European cities for their ecological or historical significance. Being able to recognize the worthiness of these proximity visions, in the context of today’s growing cities, is of fundamental relevance in order to enhance the sense of place, amongst other community values. In this communication we study the above-mentioned aspects in the image of the city of Madrid, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’ currently in process. Through a landscape analysis of a selection of iconographic representations of the surroundings of the city, we draw special attention to the presence of historical green spaces throughout time, and its relation with architectural landmarks in the progressive construction of an iconic image of the city. From here, we can deduce the relevance that these elements have in the generation of a recognizable character and the decisive role of protection mechanisms in order to preserve it.

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