Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales
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- PublicationC7(P32) and C6(P34) PR proteins induced in tomato leaves by citrus exocortis viroid infection are chitinases(Elsevier, 1990) García Breijo, Francisco José; Garro Galiana, Rafael; Conejero Tomás, Vicente; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] Two chitinases induced in tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Rutgers) by citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) infection were purified. Their molecular masses determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis were 32 kDa and 34 kDa and by filtration through Sephadex G-100 were 23 kDa and 25 kDa, respectively. These chitinases (P32 and P34) have been shown to be identical to the tomato pathogenesis-related proteins C7 and C6. They were purified in three stages: ammonium sulphate fractionation, chitin affinity chromatography and CM-Sepharose chromatography. The characterization of P32, the major component of the CEV-induced chitinase activity, revealed a basic protein (pI, 8·5), with a low optimum pH of 5·2 for hydrolytic activity, a high thermal stability and resistance to proteolytic degradation. These tomato chitinases have been shown to be serologically related to the tobacco chitinases. Our results lend further support to the hypothesis that enhanced chitinase activity is a component of a general mechanism of response to pathogens and other stress agents.
- PublicationInfluencia de las infraestructuras ecológicas en el control biológico de conservación en horticultura ecológica al aire libre(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-30) Cruz Miralles, Joaquín; Laborda Cenjor, Rafael; Rodrigo Santamalia, María Eugenia; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] Nowadays, ecological agriculture has become the principal alternative for many farmers in pest control. In the bibliography there are many studies of pest control in extensive crops (cereals or fruit trees). Nevertheless, there are few work on horticultural crops. For this reason, this work aims to identify the auxiliary species present in horticultural crops of Valencia. The study also shows the importance of ecological infrastructure as a refuge of auxiliary fauna in order to improve the biological control of the plagues. In addition, this works identify the principal predators and parasitoids presents in the plot under conditions of natural control.
- PublicationWidespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases(Blackwell Publishing, 2016) Jung, T.; Orlikowski, L.; Henricot, B.; Abad Campos, María Paloma; Aday, A. G.; Aguin Casal, O.; Bakonyi, J.; Cacciola, S. O.; Cech, T.; Chavarriaga, D.; Corcobado, T.; Cravador, A.; Decourcelle, T.; Denton, G.; Diamandis, S.; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Regione Autonoma della Sardegna; European Cooperation in Science and Technology[EN] An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host¿Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora¿host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discused.
- PublicationEstudio de la actividad herbicida de los compuestos naturales citral, ácido pelargónico, carvacrol, timol, eugenol y p-cimeno en ensayos de campo(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-10-10) Barbero Pérez, Sara; Verdeguer Sancho, Mercedes María; Sánchez Moreiras, Adela María; Torres Pagán, Natalia; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[ES] Desde que la Unión Europea apostó por un control integrado de las plagas, mediante la Directiva 2009/128/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, en la que se establece el marco de actuación comunitario para conseguir un uso racional de los plaguicidas, ha crecido el interés por los productos naturales con actividad herbicida. El grupo de investigación de Recursos Fitoquímicos del Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM) de la Universitat Politècnica de València lleva dieciocho años investigando la actividad herbicida de metabolitos secundarios de plantas. Muchos estudios sobre la actividad herbicida de productos naturales se han realizado en condiciones in vitro o de invernadero, pero en el presente trabajo los productos naturales se probaron en campo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de la actividad herbicida de los compuestos naturales citral, ácido pelargónico, carvacrol, timol, eugenol y p-cimeno en condiciones de campo. Los compuestos fueron formulados por la empresa Seipasa, como concentrados emulsionables, para facilitar su aplicación en condiciones de campo.
- PublicationEfecto de hormigas y arañas en la actividad de Aphytis spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoides del piojo rojo de California Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en cítricos(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017-01-09) Suay Sanchez, Salvador; García Mari, Ferran; Tena Barreda, Alejandro; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most important citrus pest in the Mediterranean area. Parasitoids of genus Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are its main natural enemies and control this pest in several citrus areas but not in Spain. In order to improve the biological control of A. aurantii, the effect that ants and spiders may have on these parasitoids (population levels, parasitism and emigration) has been studied in an exclusion assay in a citrus orchard. Ants and spiders have been documented as predators of Aphytis in the literature. Two species of ants Lasius grandis Forel and Pheidole palidulla (Nylander) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and 19 species of spiders were identified as potential predators of Aphytis and excluded from half the sampled trees. The most abundant species of spiders were Cheiracanthium mildei (Koch) (Araneae: clubionidae), Icius hamatus (Koch) (Araneae: Salticidae), Ballus chalybeus (Simon) (Araneae: Salticidae) y Philodromus rufus (Walck) (Araneae: Phylodromidae). Although Aphytis populations tended to increase in exclusion trees there were not significant differences with control trees. This increase could be explained by the lower emigration rates, although neither significant, of Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) males in exclusion trees. Parasitism rates were similar in both treatments. Therefore, any of these two groups of predators affected negatively the activity of Aphytis parasitoids at least at the short period of this study.
- PublicationModerate and severe water stress effects on morphological and biochemical traits in a set of pepino (Solanum muricatum) cultivars(Elsevier, 2021-06-27) Pacheco, Juan; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Pettinai, Ilaria; Landa-Faz, Anbu; González Orenga, Sara; Boscaiu Neagu, Mónica Tereza; Soler Aleixandre, Salvador; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Vicente Meana, Óscar; Gramazio, Pietro; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Dpto. de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Universitat Politècnica de València; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science[EN] The pepino (Solanum muricatum) is a neglected crop from the Andean region with potential for expansion to many areas of the world. However, there is a lack of studies in pepino related to its response to water stress. In this study, we have subjected plantlets of seven pepino cultivars (Mur1-Mur7) to three treatments consisting of a fully irrigated control (C), a moderate water stress (WS-M), and a severe water stress (WS-S). Thirty-one traits related to growth, photosynthetic pigments, mono and divalent ions, osmolytes and antioxidants were measured. Significant differences were found among cultivars for most traits. The WS-M treatment did not affect most growth and biochemical parameters, while large differences with respect to the control were observed with the WS-S treatment. In general, the WS-S treatment induced an inhibition of the growth parameters, mainly the reduction of the fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots, as well as their water content. A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the relative values of growth traits, together with the ANOVA for the traits for which significant interaction cultivar × treatment was detected, showed that cultivars Mur2 and Mur4 are the most tolerant to water stress. Although no clear-cut differences were observed among cultivars, the water-stressed plants of Mur2 and Mur4 displayed less variation with respect to the control than the other cultivars for the physiological and biochemical traits measured. Overall, photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde and total flavonoids decreased under severe water stress, while proline, Na+ and K+ contents increased significantly. The results obtained provide relevant information on the response to drought of pepino and have allowed identifying two cultivars better adapted to water stress that could be useful in breeding pepino for drought tolerance.
- PublicationLa sabina albar (Juniperus thurifera L.)(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-05-31T08:16:44Z) Ferriol Molina, María; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio NaturalEn este artículo se describe la sabina albar (Juniperus thurifera L.) como especie forestal. Morfológicamente, es un árbol de sistema radical potente, corteza que se descama a tiras, hojas escuamiformes opuestas, y gálbulos que toman un color azulado al madurar. La sabina albar se distribuye en el Mediterráneo occidental, siendo sus núcleos principales la Península Ibérica y el Atlas marroquí. Se trata de una especie muy rústica desde el punto de vista ecológico. Es capaz de soportar la gran amplitud térmica y la sequía propias de las zonas continentales de páramo, así como de anclarse en suelos esqueléticos de distinta naturaleza. Es una especie longeva, de crecimiento muy lento y regeneración difícil, que forma típicamente bosques abiertos que se aprovechan para el pastoreo. La madera es dura y se ha empleado tradicionalmente para muebles y vigas a nivel local.
- PublicationCross pathogenicity of Neofusicoccum australe and Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana on grapevine and selected fruit and ornamental trees(MEDITERRANEAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL UNION, 2020-12) Mojeremane, K.; Lebenya, P.; Du Plessis, Ihan L.; Van der Rijst, M.; Mostert, Lizel; Armengol Fortí, Josep; Halleen, F.; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; European Commission; National Research Foundation, South Africa[EN] Neofusicoccum australe is one of the most important Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens occurring on fruit and vine crops. This fungus was recently taxonomically reassessed, identifying N. stellenboschiana as a separate species. Previous pathogenicity studies used N. stellenboschiana and N. australe isolates as N. australe, so assessment of the pathogenicity of these two species on grapevine and other hosts was required. A pathogenicity trial was conducted on detached shoots of grapevine, plum, apple, olive and Peruvian pepper tree. Shoots were individually inoculated with 11 N. australe and eight N. stellenboschiana isolates originally isolated from grapevine, plum, apple, olive, Peruvian pepper and fig. Both species formed lesions on all five hosts and were reisolated 5 weeks post-inoculation. In general, the largest lesions were formed on plum and smallest on Peruvian pepper. Isolate host origin did not influence ability to cause lesions on other hosts. Isolates of N. australe and N. stellenboschiana differed in virulence on the various hosts, ranging from those that caused the largest lesions, a group causing intermediate lesions, and another causing lesions similar to uninoculated controls. The study demonstrates that N. australe and N. stellenboschiana isolates originating from various fruit hosts can infect alternative hosts including grapevine and other major fruit crops.
- PublicationFirst report of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus infecting watermelon and zucchini in the Canary Islands, Spain(Scientific Societies, 2022-07-01) Alfaro Fernández, Ana Olvido; Espino de Paz, A. I.; Botella-Guillen, M.; Font San Ambrosio, Maria Isabel; Sanahuja Edo, Esmeralda; Galipienso, L.; Rubio, L.; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; AGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACION; European Regional Development Fund; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries
- PublicationDevelopment and validation of a standard area diagram set to aid assessment of severity of loquat scab on fruit(Springer Verlag (Germany), 2014-06) González Domínguez, Elisa; Martins, Ricardo Brainer; Medeiros del Ponte, Emerson; Michereff, Sami Jorge; García Jiménez, José; Armengol Fortí, Josep; Dpto. de Ecosistemas Agroforestales; Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Cooperativa Agrícola de Callosa d'en Sarrià; Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil[EN] A standard area diagram set (SAD) to aid visual assessment of loquat scab (caused by Fusicladium eriobotryae) severity on fruit was developed and evaluated for improving accuracy, precision and reliability of visual estimates. The SAD set contains eight black and white diagrams of diseased fruit with severity values from 2 % to 98 %. To evaluate the SADs, a group of 20 raters (comprising 10 'experienced' and 10 'inexperienced' raters) assessed the same set of 50 images three times, the first without SADs and the second and third using the SADs as an aid. Only for the group of inexperienced raters did SADs significantly improve accuracy (bias correction factor, C (b) = 0.93 without SADs and 0.98 with SADs), precision (correlation coefficient, r = 0.88 without SADs and r = 0.96 with SADs) and overall agreement (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, rho (c) = 0.82 without SADs and rho c with SADs = 0.95) of the estimates. Accuracy and precision of the estimates by inexperienced raters were significantly higher than those obtained by the experienced raters, especially for the second assessment with SADs. Inter-rater reliability was improved when SADs were used by inexperienced raters, whereas a high degree of intra-rater reliability was obtained by both experienced and inexperienced raters when using SADs. The SADs developed in this study were useful for obtaining more accurate, precise and reliable assessments of loquat scab for inexperienced raters, and should be used as an aid for assessing scab in epidemiological studies or monitoring for decision-making purposes.